CONTENTS Preface ... xiii Ⅰ. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN A POLITICAL SETTING 1. Approaches to the Study of Politics ... 2 Alternative styles of politics ... 3 Four approaches to politics ... 6 Dilemmas between power and justice ... 15 Suggestions for further study ... 18 2. The study of International Relations : Theory and Practice ... 20 The traditionalist, scientific, and postbehavioral schools of thought ... 22 Theories and theory building in international relations ... 29 Suggestions for further study ... 39 3. The BalanceofPower System and Its Variations ... 40 The concept of "balance of power " ... 42 The balance of Power in modern history ... 45 Defining political systems and other systems ... 48 Variations of world political systems ... 50 The conflict quotient of various international systems ... 58 Conclusion ... 59 Suggestions for further study ... 61 Ⅱ. NATIONAL ACTORS : THEIR ATTRIBUTES, INTERESTS, AND POLICIES 4. The NationState and Nationalism ... 64 Nations and States ... 64 Ethnic pluralism ... 65 The roots of nationalism ... 70 The rise of modern forms of nationalism ... 72 National sovereignty ... 75 Challenges to nationalism ... 78 Prospects for nationalism ... 81 Suggestions for further study ... 83 5. Power and Capabilities of NationStates ... 85 The imprecision of power as a concept ... 85 Attempts to operationalize the definition of power ... 88 The power profiles of nationstates ... 95 Can we return to a single useful of power? ... 103 Suggestions for further study ... 105 6. National Interest and Other Interests ... 106 Defining the national interest : An art or a science? ... 107 Ideologies : Guides for the definition of national interest or rationalizations for its beautification? Hans Morgenthau on national interest ... 113 The fragmentation of national interest ... 117 Global interests and objectives ... 122 Suggestions for further study ... 123 7. Foreign Policy Decision Making ... 125 Theorizing about foreign policy ... 126 The study of foreign policy decision making ... 136 A "revisionist" critique of decision making theory ... 143 Formal attempts to compare foreign policies ... 144 Conclusion ... 147 Suggestions for further study ... 147 Ⅲ. INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL PROCESSES : CIVILIZED ACTORS IN A PRIMITIVE SYSTEM 8. Diplomacy and Statecraft ... 150 Diplomatic exchanges among nation states ... 151 The functions of diplomatic missions ... 153 The structure and instruments of diplomacy ... 156 The changing scope of diplomacy ... 158 Secret versus open diplomacy ... 160 Profiles of the effective diplomat ... 162 The prevalent profile of "effective" statecraft ... 165 Some general rules for "good" diplomats and leaders ... 168 Suggestions for further study ... 170 9. Intelligence, Covert Action, and Other Nonmilitary Instruments of Coercion ... 172 The functions of intelligence services ... 172 Propaganda and psychological warfare ... 182 Economic warfare ... 185 Suggestions for further study ... 189 10. War and Its Causes ... 191 The history of warfare ... 192 Causes of war ... 196 Conclusion ... 209 Suggestions for further study ... 209 11. Modes and Levels of Warfare ... 211 Internal war ... 213 International war ... 220 The nuclear dimension : A deadly calculus ... 223 Suggestions for further study ... 230 12. The Control of Conflict in the International System ... 231 A word on concepts ... 233 A historical overview of arms control ... 234 Systems of arms control verification ... 241 Social costs of armaments ... 243 Legal and humanitarian constraints on war ... 245 Suggestions for further atudy ... 248 Ⅳ. THE RUDIMENTARY INSTITUTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 13. Internationl Law : Fact or Fictions? ... 252 The historical development of international law ... 254 The naturalist positivist debate ... 255 The sources of international law ... 257 The subjects of international law ... 260 Recognition of states and governments ... 260 Jurisdiction of states and govenments ... 262 The law of treaties ... 267 The "laws" of war and reprisals and other methods of selfhelp ... 269 Alternative perceptions of international law ... 272 Suggestions for further study ... 274 14. The Great Experiments in Global Organization ... 276 Defining international organization ... 276 The historical development of international organizations ... 280 The League of Nations ... 284 The United Nations system of organizations ... 288 Beyond peacekeeping ... 294 The United Nations record in decolonization ... 296 The international protection of human rights ... 298 Assessment of the United Nations system ... 300 Suggestions for further study ... 302 15. The Theory and Practice of Functionalism and Regional Integration ... 304 The theory of integration ... 306 Problems of defining regions ... 308 Regional defense organizations ... 310 Regional functional organizations : The Western European experiment ... 311 Some generalizations about regional integration ... 315 The debate between regionalists and universalists ... 319 Assessing regionalism ... 320 Suggestions for further study ... 323 Ⅴ. THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM IN TRANSITION 16. The International Economy : Widening the Political Net ? ... 326 The magnitude of interdependence ... 326 International trade : The argument between free traders and protectionalists ... 329 The regulation of international transactions ... 334 The balance of payments as an ingredient of national power ... 339 International economic institutions and the planetary economy ... 341 The developingcountry debtors : A financial time bomb ... 345 Suggestions for further study ... 347 17. The Gap Between Rich and Poor : Reassessing the Meaning and Process of "Development" ... 349 Economic development ... 350 Political development ... 352 Social development ... 355 Two strategies for the development of third world countries ... 358 Objective indicators of development ... 361 Suggestions for further study ... 367 18. New and Neglected Actors in the International System ... 368 Multinational corporations ... 370 Ethnicity and ethnic groups: Neglected actors in the analysis of international relations ... 377 Terrorists movement and organizations ... 380 Religious groups and movements ... 383 Conclusion ... 385 Suggestions for further study ... 386 19. Threats Facing Humankind ... 387 The threat of war ... 388 Ecocide ... 391 The population "explosion" ... 393 Food for famine ... 396 Alienation ... 399 Transition from international to planetary politics ... 403 A parting word ... 406 Suggestions for further study ... 406 Index ... 409