목차
CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
PART Ⅰ GENERAL
Chapter 1 Searching the Literature ... 3
Searching a New Field ... 4
Modern Information Retrieval Systems ... 7
Bilbliography ... 10
Chapter 2 Sampling ... 16
Samples ... 19
Statistical Concepts ... 20
Manual Sampling ... 21
Continuous Sampling ... 21
Sampling Errors ... 23
Bibliography ... 24
Chapter 3 Preparation of Samples ... 26
Grinding Dry Materials ... 27
Grinding Moist Materials ... 29
Enzymatic and Chemical Treatment ... 31
Enzymatic Inactivation ... 32
Minimizing Lipid Changes ... 34
Controlling Oxidative and Microbial Attack ... 35
Bibliography ... 36
Chapter 4 Reporting Results and Reliability of Analyses ... 37
Reporting Results ... 38
Reliability of Analyses ... 41
Bibliography ... 51
PART Ⅱ METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Chapter 5 Theory of Spectroscopy ... 55
Absorption of Radiation ... 56
Rotations ... 61
Vibrations ... 62
Electronic Transitions ... 64
Molecular Energy States ... 65
Problems ... 67
Chapter 6 Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy ... 68
Instrument Components ... 73
Quantitative Analysis ... 80
Some Recent Applications ... 84
Problems ... 85
Bibliography ... 86
Chapter 7 Measurement of Color ... 87
Optical Aspects ... 88
CIE Color System ... 88
Simplified Tristimulus Color Systems ... 92
Abridged Methods ... 94
Methods Based on Pigment Content ... 96
Bibliography ... 97
Chapter 8 Fluorimetry ... 99
Instrument Components ... 101
Experimental Precautions ... 102
Quantitative Analysis ... 103
Some Recent Applications ... 105
Some Recent Applications ... 106
Bibliography ... 107
Chapter 9 Infrared Spectroscopy ... 108
Instrumentation ... 109
Qualitative Analysis ... 122
Quantitative Analysis ... 122
Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR) Spectroscopy ... 126
Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ... 129
Recent Applications ... 133
Problems ... 135
Bibliography ... 135
Chapter 10 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption, and Inductively Coupled Plasmas ... 137
Flame Photometry ... 138
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ... 143
Electrothermal Process(Carbon Rod Furnace) ... 147
Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP) Emission Spectroscopy ... 148
Detection Limits ... 155
Some Recent Applications ... 156
Bibliography ... 156
Chapter 11 X-Ray Methods ... 158
Production and Detection of X-Rays ... 159
X-Ray Diffraction ... 161
X-Ray Flurorescence ... 162
Nondispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy ... 165
Quantitative Analysis ... 170
Some Recent Applications ... 170
Bibliography ... 170
Chapter 12 Potentiometry ... 172
Reference Electrodes ... 174
Indicator Electrodes ... 178
Some Recent Applications ... 186
Problems ... 186
Bibliography ... 186
Chapter 13 Coulometry ... 188
Constant-Current Coulometry ... 189
Controlled -Potential Coulometry ... 192
Use of Coulomtry with Gas Chromatography ... 192
Some Recent Applications ... 196
Problems ... 197
Bibliography ... 198
Chapter 14 Conductivity ... 199
Acid-Base Titrations ... 201
Oxidation-Reduction Systems ... 203
Conductivity Detectors for Chromatography ... 203
Some Recent Applications ... 205
Bibliography ... 206
Chapter 15 Electrophoreis ... 208
Zone Electrophoresis ... 208
Paper Electrophoresis ... 211
Calculation of Mobility ... 213
Disc Gel Electrophoresis ... 218
Isoelectric Focusing ... 220
Preparative Electrophoresis ... 222
Some Recent Applications ... 225
Problems ... 226
Bibliography ... 227
Chapter 16 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis ... 228
Electroosmosis ... 230
Electrophoresis ... 230
UV Spectroscopy ... 236
Fluorescence ... 236
Conductivity and Ampermetry ... 237
Mass Spectrometry ... 237
Radioisotopes ... 237
Some Recent Applications ... 241
Bibliography ... 242
Chapter 17 Mass Spectroscopy ... 243
Components of a Mass Spectrometer ... 243
Low-Voltage Mass Spectrometry ... 250
Quantitative Analysis ... 251
Combined Mass Spectrometry with Gas Chromatography ... 256
Some Recent Applications ... 259
Problems ... 259
Bibliography ... 260
Chapter 18 Nuciear Magnetic Resonance ... 262
Interpretation of NMR Spectra ... 264
Superconducting Magnets ... 269
Some Recent Applications ... 269
Bibliography ... 270
Chapter 19 Radioactivity, Counting Techniques, and Radioimmunoassay ... 271
Radioactive Decay ... 273
Counting Devices ... 273
Isotopic Dilution ... 279
Neutron Activation Analysis ... 282
Food Irradiation ... 286
Radioimmunoassay ... 287
Some Recent Applications ... 288
Problems ... 288
Bibliography ... 289
Chapter 20 Column Chromatography, Size Exclusion, and Ion Exchange ... 290
Displacement and Partition Chromatography ... 290
Size-Exclusion Chromatography ... 299
Affinity Chromatography(Including Immobilized Enzymes) ... 303
Ion-Exchange Chromatography ... 313
Selecting a Chromatographic Technique ... 319
Some Recent Applications ... 322
Bibliography ... 323
Chapter 21 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ion Chromatography ... 324
Basic HPLC Equipment and Operation ... 325
Major Types of HPLC ... 337
Definition of Tems ... 340
Ion Chromatography ... 346
Some Recent Applications ... 348
Bibliography ... 350
Chapter 22 Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography ... 352
Paper Chromatography ... 352
Thin-Layer Chromatography ... 357
Some Recent Applications ... 364
Bibliography ... 364
Chapter 23 Gas-Liquid Chromtography ... 366
Instrument Components ... 366
Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate ... 381
Identification of Compounds ... 385
Some Recent Applications ... 386
Bibliography ... 387
Chapter 24 eXTRACTION ... 389
Liquid-Liquid Batch Extraction ... 389
Continuous Extraction ... 391
Discontinuous Countercurrent Extraction ... 393
Extraction P Values ... 395
Supercritical Fluid Extraction ... 399
Some Recent Applications ... 405
Problems ... 407
Bibliography ... 407
Chapter 25 Centrifugation ... 409
Basic Relationships ... 409
Equipment ... 411
Ultracentrifugation ... 412
Centrifugal Analysis ... 417
Bibliography ... 418
Chapter 26 Densimetry ... 419
Definitions and Basic Relationships ... 420
Measurement of the Density of Liquids ... 421
Measurement of the Density of Solids ... 427
Bibliography ... 429
Chapter 27 Refractometry and Polarimetry ... 430
Refractometry ... 430
Polarimetry ... 438
Some Recent Applications ... 446
Problems ... 447
Bibliography ... 448
Chapter 28 Rheology ... 449
Rheological Parameters ... 449
Rheological Methods and Instruments ... 455
Measuring the Components of Food Texture ... 460
Applications ... 466
Bibliography ... 483
Chapter 29 Serology, Immunochemistry, and Immunoelectrophorcsis ... 488
Basic Considerations and Definitions ... 488
Immunochemical Methods ... 491
Applications ... 498
Bibliography ... 502
Chapter 30 Enzymatic Methods ... 506
General Considerations and Uses ... 506
Determination of Substrates ... 509
Determination of Enzymatic Activity ... 518
Othr Applications of Enzymes ... 522
Automated Methods ... 528
Bibliography ... 529
Chapter 31 Analytical Microbiology ... 532
Principles of Microbiological Assays ... 533
Microbological Methods ... 535
Determining Reliability of Microbial Assays ... 538
Assays of Vitamins, Amino Acids, and Nucleic Acids and Their Derivatives ... 539
Assessing the Nutritional Value of Proteins ... 542
Assay of Antibiotics, Heavy Metals, and Miscellaneous ... 549
Automation of Microbiological Assays ... 550
Bibliography ... 551
Chapter 32 Thermal Analysis of Foods ... 555
Principles ... 555
DSC Investigations ... 557
Bibliography ... 562
PART Ⅲ GENERAL APPLICATIONS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITON
Chapter 33 General Remarks ... 567
Theoretical and Applied Investigations ... 567
Online Analyses ... 572
Bibliography ... 574
Chapter 34 Determination of Moisture ... 575
Moisture Contents of Foods ... 576
Basic Considerations ... 576
Drying Methods ... 578
Air-Oven Methods ... 581
Distillation Methods ... 584
Chemical Methods ... 588
Physical Methods ... 593
Bibliography ... 600
Chapter 35 Ash and Minerals ... 602
Ash and Mineral Contents ... 602
Determination of Ash ... 603
Ashing Procedures ... 605
Elemental Analysis ... 614
Bibliography ... 621
Chapter 36 Carbohydrates ... 625
Composition and Occurrence ... 625
Determination of Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Solids ... 627
Qualitative Detection of Carbohydrates ... 630
Determination of Mono-and Oligosaccharides ... 633
Determination of Hexosamines ... 647
Determination of Nutrient Polysaccharides ... 649
Determination of Structural Polysaccharides ... 657
Bibliography ... 669
Chapter 37 Lipids ... 678
Nomenclature and Occurrence ... 678
Sources of Information ... 683
General Procedures for Extracting Lipids ... 684
Extraction of Lipids in Selected Foods ... 689
Indirect Methods of Lipid Determination ... 692
Fractionation of Extracted Lipids ... 695
Physical Assay Methods ... 699
Chemical Assay Methods ... 707
Automated Lipid Analyses ... 713
Fat Stagility and Rancidity ... 715
Bibliography ... 724
Chapter 38 Nitrogenous Compounds ... 733
Proteins ... 733
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances ... 749
Bibliography ... 753
Chapter 39 Objective versus Sensory Evaluation of Foods ... 758
Color ... 759
Taste and Odor ... 759
Overall Evaluation ... 762
Bibliography ... 764
Index ... 766
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