CONTENTS Preface ... xiii PART Ⅰ ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY FOR FOOD CHOICES NUTRITION TODAY : AN INTRODUCTION ... 3 NUTRITION AND HEALTH ... 3 THE SCIENCE OF NUTRITION : A REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS ... 6 A WORD TO STUDENTS ... 12 CHAPTER 1 INFLUENCES ON FOOD CHOICES ... 13 INFLUENCES ON AVAILABILITY OF FOOD ... 14 BOX 1-1 : CONCERNS ABOUT THE U.S. FOOD SYSTEM ... 17 INFLUENCES ON THE ACCEPTABILITY OF FOOD ... 25 SUMMARY ... 31 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 31 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 32 CHAPTER 2 CHOOSING AN ADEQUATE DIET ... 33 HOW MUCH OF EACH NUTRIENT DOES THE BODY NEED? ... 34 HOW DOES ONE PLAN AN ADEQUATE DIET? ... 41 BOX 2-1 : ADVANTAGES OF THE EXCHANGE SYSTEM IN DIETARY PLANNING ... 45 SUMMARY ... 48 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 48 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 48 PART Ⅱ THE ENERGY NUTRIENTS CHAPTER 3 CARBOHYDRATES ... 53 IMPORTANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE DIET ... 54 COMPOSITION OF CARBOHYDRATES ... 54 CARBOHYDRATES IN FOOD ... 64 CHANGING PATTERNS OF CARBOHYDRATE CONSUMPTION ... 65 BOX 3-1 : NUTRITIVE LOSSES IN REFINING GRAINS ... 69 DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND METABOLISM : SOME BASIC CONCEPTS ... 70 BOX 3-2 : MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE DIGESTIVE TRACT ... 73 THE BODYS USE OF CARBOHYDRATES ... 76 BOX 3-3 : CARBOHYDRATE LOADING ... 87 HOW MUCH CARBOHYDRATE IS SUGGESTED? ... 89 ALCOHOL ... 89 SUMMARY ... 92 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 92 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 93 CHAPTER 4 FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS ... 94 LIPIDS IN FOODS ... 95 IMPORTANCE OF FAT(TRIGLYCERIDE) IN THE DIET ... 96 COMPOSITION OF FATS ... 101 PROPERTIES OF FAT ... 105 LIPIDS OTHER THAN FAT ... 106 DIGESTION ... 108 ABSORPTION OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS ... 111 METABOLISM AND STORAGE ... 114 CHANGING PATTERNS OF FAT CONSUMPTION ... 119 HOW MUCH FAT IS SUGGESTED? ... 121 SUMMARY ... 122 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 122 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 123 CHAPTER 5 LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND DISEASE ... 124 DIETARY LIPIDS AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE(CHD) ... 125 THE DIET-HEART HYPOTHESIS ... 129 BOX 5-1 : RESEARCH IN NUTRITION ... 131 DIETARY FAT AND CANCER ... 137 CARBOHYDRATES AN D DISEASE ... 140 SUMMARY ... 151 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 151 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 152 CHAPTER 6 PROTEINS ... 153 WHAT ARE PROTEINS? ... 154 PROTEIN STRUCTURE ... 154 ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ... 157 FUNCTIONS OF BODY PROTEINS ... 158 FOOD SOURCES OF PROTEIN ... 161 THE BODYS USE OF PROTEINS ... 164 HOW MUCH PROTEIN DO WE NEED? ... 174 BOX 6-1 : DO ATHLETES HAVE HIGH PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS? ... 178 BOX 6-2 : VEGETARIAN DIETS ... 184 PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION ... 189 SUMMARY ... 191 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 191 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 192 CHAPTER 7 ENERGY BALANCE ... 193 ENERGY : WHAT IS IT? ... 194 HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES THE BODY NEED? ... 196 MEASURING THE BODYS TOTAL ENERGY NEEDS ... 209 BOX 7-1 : ENERGY NEEDS OF THE ATHLETE ... 210 ENERGY VALUE OF FOODS ... 216 LOOKING AHEAD ... 217 BOX 7-2 : MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT FOOD AND ENERGY ... 220 SUMMARY ... 221 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 221 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 221 CHAPTER 8 : ENERGY IMBALANCES : OVERWEIGHTTS AND UNDERWEIGHT ... 222 OBESITY : HOW EXTENSIVE IS IT? ... 223 HOW DO WE ASSESS OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY? ... 224 HAZARDS OF OBESITY ... 225 WHAT CAUSES OBESITY? ... 226 PREVENTING AND TREATING OBESITY ... 235 BOX 8-1 : RECOGNIZING UNSOUND CLAIMS ABOUT WEIGHT-REDUCING DIETS ... 239 BOX 8-2 : CHARACTERISTICS OF A REASONABLE WEIGHT-REDUCING DIET ... 247 UNDERWEIGHT ... 249 LOOKING AHEAD ... 253 SUMMARY ... 253 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 253 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 254 PART Ⅲ VITAMINS, MINERALS, AND WATER CHAPTER 9 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS : VITAMIN C ... 258 VITAMIN C(ASCORBIC ACID) ... 259 BOX 9-1 : FALSE VITAMINS ... 260 SUMMARY ... 272 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 272 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 273 CHAPTER 10 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS : B VITAMINS ... 274 THIAMINE ... 277 BOX 10-1 : SHOULD YOU DEPEND ON PILLS FOR VITAMINS? ... 278 RIBOFLAVIN ... 282 BOX 10-2 : SAVING VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN FOODS ... 283 NIACIN ... 286 VITAMIN B B6 ... 291 PANTOTHENIC ACID ... 296 FOLACIN ... 298 VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN) ... 302 BIOTIN ... 305 CHOLINE AND INOSITOL ... 308 SUMMARY ... 309 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 309 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 309 CHAPTER 11 THE FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS ... 310 VITAMlN A ... 311 BOX 11-1 : IS VITAMIN A THE ANSWER TO ACNE? ... 320 VITAMIN D ... 321 VITAMIN E ... 327 V1TAMIN K ... 331 BOX 11-2 : IS VITAMIN E A CURE-ALL? ... 332 SUMMARY ... 335 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 335 CHAPTER 12 WATER AND THE MAJOR MINERALS ... 336 WATER ... 338 ELECTROLYTES ... 340 SODIUM ... 334 BOX 12-1 : WATER AND SODIUM NEEDS OF ATHLETES ... 345 POTASSIUM ... 348 CHLORINE ... 352 CALCIUM ... 353 PHOSPHORUS ... 358 MAGNESIUM ... 359 SUMMARY ... 362 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 362 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 362 CHAPTER 13 TRACE ELEMENTS(MINERALS) ... 363 IRON ... 364 ZINC ... 370 IODINE ... 372 CHROMIUM ... 377 FLUORINE ... 379 COPPER ... 381 SELENIUM ... 382 MANGANESE ... 384 MOLYBDENUM ... 384 OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS ... 384 BOX 13-1 : HAIR ANALYSIS AS AN ASSESSMENT TOOL ... 385 BOX 13-2 : ALCOHOL : ITS EFFECTS ON VITAMIN AND MINERAL NUTRITION ... 388 SUMMARY ... 389 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 389 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 390 PART Ⅳ NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE CHAPTER 14 PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ... 395 THE BABY BEFORE BIRTH ... 395 CHANGES IN THE MATERNAL BODY ... 398 NUTRITIONAL NEEDS DURING PREGNANCY ... 399 NUTRITION AND COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY ... 406 DIETARY GUIDELINES ... 410 NUTRITIONAL NEEDS DURING LACTATION ... 415 DIETARY PLANNING FOR LACTATION ... 417 SUMMARY ... 418 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 418 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 418 CHAPTER 15 INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND ADOLESCENCE ... 420 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY ... 421 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 423 EATING HABITS ... 427 BOX 15-1 : BREAST-FEEDING FACTS ... 430 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD ... 437 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 437 PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD HABITS ... 439 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE YEARS OF CHILDHOOD ... 444 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 444 PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD HABITS ... 444 PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE ... 446 BOX 15-2 : DIET AND HYPERACTMTY ... 447 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 449 PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD HABITS ... 450 BOX 15-3 : FOOD ALLERGIES ... 453 FOOD PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 453 SUMMARY ... 455 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 455 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 455 CHAPTER 16 THE LATER YEARS ... 457 AMERICAS FASTEST-GROWING MINORITY ... 458 BOX 16-1 : LIBERATING AGING ... 459 THEORIES OF AGING ... 460 NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF THE OLDER PERSON ... 461 BOX 16-2 : SHANGRI-LA AND THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH ... 464 FACTORS INFLUENCING NUTRITIONAL STATUS ... 470 BOX 16-3 : DRUG-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS ... 472 DIETARY PLANNING ... 475 NUTRITION PROGRAMS FOR OLDER ADULTS ... 477 SUMMARY ... 479 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 479 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 479 PART Ⅴ FOOD SAFETY AND ADEQUACY : AT HOME AND ABROAD CHAPTER 17 CONSUMER ISSUES : FOOD LABELING, ADDITIVES, AND TOX1CANTS ... 483 FOOD LABELING ... 484 BOX 17-1 : INTERPRETING INFORMATION ON FOOD LABELS ... 490 FOOD ADDITIVES ... 492 BOX 17-2 : THE NITRATE-NITRITE CONTROVERSY ... 500 NATURALLY OCCURRING TOX1CANTS IN FOODS ... 506 ANTIBIOTICS IN ANIMAL FEED ... 507 SUMMARY ... 509 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 510 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 511 CHAPTER 18 WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS ... 512 KINDS AND EXTENT OF MALNUTRITION ... 513 WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION AND THE WORLD FOOD CRISIS? ... 515 CAN GLOBAL MALNUTRITION BE ALLEVIATED? PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES BOX 18-1 : THE BOTTLE-FEEDING PROBLEM ... 527 BOX 18-2 : IMPROVING NUTRITION THROUGH MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTIONN EXAMPLE ... 530 DEALING WITH WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS : WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY? ... 535 PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE ... 536 SUMMARY ... 537 FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 537 SUGGESTED READINGS ... 538 Bibliography ... 539 Glossary ... 560 APPENDIX A Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDAs) for the U.S.A. ... A-1 APPENDIX B The Exchange Lists ... B-1 APPENDIX C Nutritive Value of Foods Commonly Consumed ... C-1 APPENDIX D Selected Minerals and Vitamins in Foods? ... D-1 APPENDIX E Sugar Content of Selected Foods ... E-1 APPENDIX F Cholesterol in Foods ... F-1 APPENDIX G Nutritional Analysis of Fast Foods ... G-1 APPENDIX H Energy Expenditure for Physical Activity ... H-1 APPENDIX I Height-Weight Table ... I-1 APPENDIX J Laboratory Tests in Nutritional Assessment ... J-1 APPENDIX K The Krebs, or Tricarboxylic, Acid Cycle ... K-1 APPENDIX L Recording and Calculating Dietary Intake ... L-1 APPENDIX M Measuring Protein Quality ... M-1 APPENDIX N U.S. RDAs ... N-1 Index ... I-1