CONTENTS List of contributors ... ⅸ Foreword ... xiii Acknowledgements ... xv Ⅰ Introduction 1 Why restoration? / Krystyna M. Urbanska ; Nigel R. Webb ; Peter J. E ... 3 2 What do we mean by restoration? / Anthony D. Bradshaw ... 8 Ⅱ Ecological basis of restoration 3 Restoration as an ecosystem process : implications of the modern ecological paradigm / V. Thomas Parker ; Steward T. A. Pickett ... 17 4 The importance of soil ecology in restoration science / Anthony D. Bradshaw ... 33 5 Soil micro-organisms, mycorrhiza, and restoration ecology / Kurt Haselwandter ... 65 6 Safe sites - interface of plant population ecology and restoration ecology / Krystyna M. Urbanska ... 81 7 The role of plant - animal mutualisms in the design and restoration of natural communities / Steven N. Handel ... 111 8 The development of criteria for ecological restoration / Nigel R. Webb ... 133 Ⅲ The implementation and assessment of restoration schemes 9 Restoring alpine ecosystems in the western United States : environmental constraints, disturbance characteristics, and restoration success / Jeanne C. Chambers ... 161 10 Restoration of eroded areas in Iceland / Sigurður H. Magn u sson ... 188 11 Invertebrates assist the restoration process : an Australian perspective / Jonathan D. Majer ... 212 12 Terrestrial arthropods as ecological indicators of habitat restoration in southwestern North America / Kathy S. Williams ... 238 13 Tidal wetlands restoration and creation along the east coast of North America / William A. Niering ... 259 14 Options for restoration and management of coastal salt marshes in Europe / Jan P. Bakker ; Peter Esselink ; Ren e van der Wa ... 286 Ⅳ Ecological restoration, economics, and sustainability 15 Ecological engineering and sustainable development / Peter J. Edwards ; Cyrus Abivardi ... 325 16 Ecological restoration - the magnitude of the challenge : an outsiders view / Michael J. Clark ... 353 Ⅴ Conclusions 17 Restoration ecology : science, technology, and society / Peter J. Edwards ; Nigel R. Webb ; Krystyna M. Ur ... 381 Index ... 391