CONTENTS List of Colour Plates ... ⅶ List of Maps ... ⅸ List of Contributors ... ⅹ Introduction / T. C. W. BLANNING ... 1 1. Revolution from Above and Below: European Politics from the French Revolution to the First World War / JOHN ROBERTS ... 11 2. The Industrialization of Modern Europe, 1750-1914 / CLIVE TREBILCOCK ... 40 3. Military Modernization, 1789-1918 / HEW STRACHAN ... 69 4. From Orders to Classes: European Society in the Nineteenth Century / PAMELA PILBEAM ... 94 5. The Commercialization and Sacralization of European Culture in the Nineteenth Century / T. C. W BLANNING ... 120 6. The Great Civil War: European Politics, 1914-1945 / PAUL PRESTON ... 148 7. The Fall and Rise of the European Economy in the Twentieth Century / HAROLD JAMES ... 182 8. Warfare in Europe since 1918 / RICHARD OVERY ... 210 9. European Society in the Twentieth Century / RICHARD BESSEL ... 231 10. From Modernism to Post- Modernism / MARTIN JAY ... 255 11. Europe Divided and Reunited, 1945-1995 / DAVID REYNOLDS ... 279 Further Reading ... 305 Chronology ... 321 Maps ... 333 Acknowledgement of Sources ... 346 Index ... 349