CONTENTS Prologue : Modern Cost Management Practices ... xxxv Why This Approach to Cost Management? ... xxxv What Is New about Modern Management? ... xxxv Corporate Express in a Nutshell ... xxxi Global Environment of Cost Management ... xxxi Addressing Global Competition ... xxxi Making Global Decisions ... xl Choosing the Organization's Long-Term Strategy : Survival of the Fittest? ... xl Defining the Organization's Scale and Scope of Operations ... xli Planning and Organizing the Use of Resources into Efficient Operations ... xli Implementing Plans and Organizational Change ... xlii Measuring and Communicating Results ... xlii Motivating and Evaluating Performance of Individuals and Teams ... xliv Communicating Plans and Results to Constituents ... xlv Evaluating Success of Decision-Making and Making Improvements ... xlv Part One Setting the Stage : The Importance of Analyzing and Managing Costs ... 1 1 The Role of Cost Management : Finding Opportunity and Leading Change ... 2 Cost-Management Challenges at Pursuit.Com ... 4 The Organizational Role of Cost Management ... 5 Who Are Cost Managers? ... 5 Pursuit.Com's Team Focus ... 6 Cost Management and the Cost Manager ... 8 Choosing a Long-Term Strategy at Pursuit.Com ... 9 Benchmarking ; A Cost-Management Technique for Strategic Choice and Improvement ... 10 Choosing Pursuit.Com's Scale and Scope of Operations ... 12 Configuring Pursuit.Com's Value Chain ... 14 Analyzing Alternative Value-Chain Configurations ... 14 Planning and Organizing the Efficient Use of Resources at Pursuit.Com ... 16 Forming a Cost-Management Team ... 17 Analysis of Pursuit.Com's Accounts Receivable Process ... 17 Employees Who Do the Work Often Know Best ... 21 The Team's Recommendation ... 21 Implementing Plans and Organizational Change at Pursuit.Com ... 22 Chapter Summary ... 23 Key Terms ... 23 Meeting the Cost Management Challenge ... 23 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 24 Appendix to Chapter 1 : Institute of Management Accountants : Standards of Ethical Conduct for Management Accountants ... 27 Review Questions ... 28 Critical Analysis ... 28 Exercises ... 29 Problems ... 31 Cases ... 34 2 Using Lead and Lag Measures to Communicate, Motivate, and Evaluate ... 38 MST : Ahead of the Competition ... 40 Lead and Lag Indicators : Signals of Performance ... 40 Measures of Organizational Learning and Growth ... 42 Employee Education and Training ... 43 Innovativeness ... 43 Opportunities for Improvement ... 43 New Product Development Time ... 43 Measuring Results : Process Efficiency ... 44 Measuring Quality ... 45 Measuring Productivity ... 46 Measuring Cycle Time ... 47 Measuring Throughput Efficiency ... 48 Preventing Process Mistakes ... 49 Measuring Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty ... 50 Measuring Customer Satisfaction ... 50 Measuring Customer Loyalty ... 51 Social and Cultural Differences as Factors in Customer Satisfaction ... 51 Using Lead Indicators for Product and Service Design ... 52 Target Costing for Product Design ... 52 Communicating Results to Employees ... 54 The Balanced Scorecard ... 55 Quantifying the Causal Relationships ... 57 Chapter Summary ... 60 Key Terms ... 61 Meeting the Cost Management Challenge ... 61 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 61 Appendix to Chapter 2 : Setting up Computer Spreadsheets ... 65 Review Questions ... 66 Critical Analysis ... 67 Exercises ... 67 Problems ... 69 Cases ... 73 3 Managing Costs of Constrained Resources ... 76 Introduction ... 78 Goals and Limits of Productive Processes ... 79 The Aerial View/Overview of the Problem ... 79 Process Capacity ... 80 The Theory of Constraints : The Basics ... 81 What Is a Bottleneck? ... 81 Measures of Capacity ... 82 Managing Constraints ... 87 Tackling the Bottlenecks at CMD ... 92 Chapter Summary ... 93 Key Terms ... 93 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 93 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 94 Review Questions ... 95 Critical Analysis ... 95 Exercises ... 96 Problems ... 98 Cases ... 101 Part Two Cost Measurement Systems ... 105 4 Measuring Costs of Operations ... 106 Introduction ... 108 What Are the Resources of an Organization? ... 108 Types of Resources ... 108 How Resources Are Used ... 109 Traceability of Resources ... 110 Three Dimensions of Resources ... 111 How Do Organizations Measure Costs of Resources? ... 112 Design Issues ... 113 What Do We Really Mean by "Cost?" ... 114 Total Cost ... 115 Average Cost ... 116 Tracing versus Allocating Costs ... 117 Unit-Level Costs and Variable Costs ... 118 Fixed Costs, Committed Costs, and Sunk Costs ... 110 Alternative Costing Methods ... 121 Throughput Costing ... 121 Variable Costing ... 123 Absorption Costing ... 123 Financial Management of Processes ... 125 Throughput Costing ... 126 Variable Costing ... 128 Absorption Costing ... 130 Comparing Operating Incomes ... 130 Chapter Summary ... 133 Key Terms ... 134 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 134 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 135 Review Questions ... 136 Critical Analysis ... 137 Exercises ... 137 Problems ... 138 Cases ... 144 5 The Design and Use of Activity-Based Costing Systems ... 146 PMI's Decision-Making and Cost-System Design ... 148 PMI's Competitive Situation ... 148 Cost-System Design ... 148 PMI's Resources and Activities ... 149 ABC : Application to Service and Manufacturing ... 150 Processes at PMI ... 150 Describing the Hierarchy of Resources ... 152 Activities : Their Impacts on Resource Use ... 153 Stage 1 : Measuring the Costs of Activities ... 155 Approaches to Identification and Classification of Activities ... 155 PMI's Activity List ... 157 Selecting Cost-Driver Bases ... 160 Measuring Resource Costs of Activities ... 163 Tracing Resource Costs to Activities ... 163 Is Something Wrong with This Picture? ... 168 Measuring Stage 2 Cost-Driver Rates ... 173 Condensing the Activity List ... 173 Tracing Costs of Activities to Products and Services ... 176 Unit-Level ABC Costs ... 177 Full-ABC Costs ... 177 Per-Unit Cost Difference ... 180 Product and Customer Profitability ... 181 Product Profitability ... 181 Customer Profitability ... 182 Estimating the Costs of New Products Using ABC ... 184 A Simple Case : Different Materials Only ... 184 A More Complex Case : The Novelty Toy Decision ... 184 Chapter Summary ... 187 Key Terms ... 188 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 188 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 188 Appendix to Chapter 5 : Additional Activity Data ... 190 Review Questions ... 194 Critical Analysis ... 194 Exercises ... 195 Problems ... 198 Cases ... 201 6 Cost Flows and Job Costing ... 206 How Do Organizations Choose among Costing Systems? ... 208 Evaluating Major Types of Costing Systems ... 209 The Basic Cost Flow Model ... 210 Cost Flows and Jobs ... 211 Managing and Using Cost Flow Information ... 212 Tracing and Assigning Costs to Jobs ... 213 Setting Predetermined Cost-Driver Rates ... 214 Using Predetermined Cost-Driver Rates ... 216 Job-Cost Accounting Systems ... 222 Basic Job-Cost Flows ... 222 Larsen Construction Job-Cost Accounts ... 223 Job-Cost Summary ... 225 Completion of Jobs ... 226 Sale of Completed Jobs : Finished Goods to Cost of Goods Sold ... 226 Overhead Adjustments ... 226 Managing Jobs and Projects ... 231 Project Management ... 231 Job Cost and Project Improprieties ... 233 Using Job Costs for Planning and Decision-Making ... 235 Chapter Summary ... 236 Key Terms ... 236 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 236 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 237 Appendix A : Job-Cost Journal Entries ... 239 Appendix B : Activity Costing for Job RR6 ... 241 Review Questions ... 244 Critical Analysis ... 244 Exercises ... 245 Problems ... 249 Cases ... 257 7 Process Costing ... 260 Monterey Bay Abalone's Profitability and Outlook ... 262 Process Costing System Design ... 262 Monterey Bay Abalone ... 265 Monterey Bay Abalone's Aquaculture Processes ... 265 Why It's Important to Have Reliable Process Cost Information ... 267 Process Costing : The Basics ... 268 Preview of the Examples ... 268 Example 1 : All Units Fully Completed(No Beginning or Ending WIP Inventory) ... 268 Basic Calculations ... 269 Decision-Making Implications ... 269 Example 2 : Some Units Not Fully Completed(Ending WIP Inventory) ... 270 Process-Costing Steps ... 270 Step 1 : Compute the Flow of Physical Units ... 270 Step 2 : Compute Equivalent Units ... 271 Step 3 : Summarize Costs to Account for ... 272 Step 4 : Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit ... 272 Step 5 : Assign Costs to Units Completed and in Process ... 273 Accounting Entries ... 274 Example 3 : Recognizing Costs of Spoilage(Mortality) ... 274 Computing Spoilage Costs ... 275 Reporting Spoilage Costs ... 278 Example 4 : Beginning and Ending WIP Plus Spoilage(Mortality) ... 278 Weighted-Average Costing versus FIFO ... 279 Using Weighted-Average Costing ... 279 Using FIFO Costing ... 282 Choosing between Weighted-Average and FIFO Process Costing : Comparing Costs and Benefits ... 286 Stop and Review : Comparison of Process Costing Steps for the Two Methods ... 287 Example 5 : Accounting for Costs Transferred to Another Process ... 288 Chapter Summary ... 291 Key Terms ... 291 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 291 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 292 Appendix A : Process-Costing Journal Entries ... 294 Appendix B : Operation Costing ... 295 Review Questions ... 297 Critical Analysis ... 297 Exercises ... 298 Problems ... 302 Cases ... 306 8 Joint Process Costing ... 310 Joint Product Processes ... 312 The Importance of Split-Off ... 312 One Input - More than One Input ... 313 The Decision Challenge : Which Joint Products to Produce? ... 313 Estimating Profit from Joint Products ... 314 Sell Intermediate Products or Process Them Further? ... 315 Maximizing the Profit of Joint Product Processes ... 317 Profit Analysis of Option 1 - Specialty and Standard Lumber Plus Wood Chips or Wood Pulp ... 317 Profit Analysis of Option 2 - Standard Lumber Plus Wood Chips or Wood Pulp ... 319 Most Profitable Products ... 319 Why Allocate Joint Costs? ... 320 How Joint Costs Can Be Good Business for Lawyers ... 322 Joint Allocation Methods ... 323 Distinguishing between Main and By-Products ... 323 Using the Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method ... 324 Using the Physical-Measures Method ... 325 Choosing among Joint-Cost Allocation Methods ... 329 By-Product Accounting : The Basics ... 329 What to Do with Scrap and Waste ... 331 Chapter Summary ... 332 Key Terms ... 332 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 332 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 333 Review Questions ... 334 Critical Analysis ... 334 Exercises ... 335 Problems ... 338 Cases ... 342 9 Managing and Allocating Support-Service Costs ... 346 The Service-Cost Challenge ... 348 Internal or Outsourced Support Services? ... 348 Managing Internal Support-Service Costs ... 349 Distinguishing between Direct and Support Services ... 350 Who Pays for Internal Support-Service Costs? ... 351 Support-Service Spending and Use ... 352 Why Allocate Service Costs? ... 353 Decision-Making and Cost Allocations ... 354 Other Uses of Cost Allocations ... 354 Cost-Management Implications for Internal Support Services ... 355 Cost Allocation from Support-Service Departments to Internal Customers ... 356 Step 1 : Identify the Costs to Be Allocated to Internal Customers - Single or Multiple Cost Pools? ... 356 Support-Service Spending ... 356 Support-Service Use ... 357 Measuring the Costs to Be Allocated ... 358 Step 2 : Choose the Appropriate Cost-Allocation Base(s) and Rate(s) - ABC or Traditional? ... 358 Activity-Based Costing Approach ... 358 Traditional Approach ... 359 Step 3 : Select and Use a Cost Allocation Method ... 361 Direct Method ... 361 Step Method ... 365 Ms. Fukami's Accurate but Politically Incorrect ABC Approach ... 371 Step 4 : Determine if the Cost Allocations Achieve the Desired Results ... 373 Cost Allocation Accuracy ... 373 Cost Allocation Effects ... 373 Cost Allocation Costs and Benefits ... 375 Chapter Summary ... 377 Key Terms ... 377 Meeting the Cost Management Challenge ... 377 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 378 Appendix to Chapter 9 : The Reciprocal Method ... 380 Review Questions ... 387 Critical Analysis ... 387 Exercises ... 388 Problems ... 392 Cases ... 398 Part Three Process Management and Decision Making : Identifying Opportunities for Improvement ... 403 10 Methods and Implementation of Activity-Based Management ... 404 The Importance of Activity-Based Information to Precision Molding, Inc.'s Success ... 406 Activity-Based Costing : The Foundation of Process Improvement ... 407 Combining ABC and Target Costing as a Next Step of Analysis ... 407 The Importance of Customer Value ... 410 Eliminating Non-Value-Added Activities Is a Competitive Necessity ... 410 Identifying Value-Added Activities ... 412 PMI's Value-Added Analysis ... 413 What Tasks Does Activity-Based Management Require? ... 414 Detailed Activity Analysis ... 415 Identifying Opportunities for Process Improvement ... 416 Asking the Question "Why?" ... 417 Cost of Saved Resources ... 418 Implementation of Activity-Based Costing and Management ... 418 Should All Organizations Adopt ABC and ABM? ... 419 Can You Be Sure that ABC and ABM Will Be Successful? ... 419 Chapter Summary ... 422 Key Terms ... 422 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 423 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 423 Appendix to Chapter 10 : Activity Costs and Customer Values ... 424 Review Questions ... 426 Critical Analysis ... 426 Exercises ... 427 Problems ... 429 Cases ... 432 11 Managing Quality and Time to Create Value ... 436 Why Is Quality Important? ... 438 Quality at Any Cost? ... 438 Total Quality Management(TOM) ... 439 Return on Quality(ROQ) ... 439 Comparing the Views of Quality ... 440 Do TQM and ROQ Really Conflict? ... 440 Dimensions of Quality ... 441 Product and Service Attributes ... 441 Customer Service before and after the Sale ... 442 How Do Organizations Measure Quality? ... 442 Lead Indicators of Quality ... 442 Diagnostic Information ... 446 Customer Satisfaction ... 449 Trade-offs between Quality and Price ... 451 Costs of Quality ... 451 Controlling Quality ... 451 Failing to Control Quality ... 452 Measuring Costs of Quality ... 453 Reporting Costs of Quality ... 453 Quality Awards and Certificates ... 454 The Importance of Managing Time in a Competitive Environment ... 456 New Product and Service Development Time ... 456 Customer-Response Time and Cycle Time ... 456 Costs of Time ... 457 Managing Quality + Time = JIT ... 458 JIT Manufacturing ... 458 JIT Success Factors ... 462 Chapter Summary ... 464 Key Terms ... 464 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 465 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 465 Appendix to Chapter 11 : Construction and Use of Control Charts ... 468 Review Questions ... 471 Critical Analysis ... 471 Exercises ... 472 Problems ... 477 Cases ... 480 12 Cost Estimation ... 484 What Is Cost Estimation? ... 486 Cost versus Expenditures ... 486 Costs Do Not Just Happen ... 487 Why Estimate Costs? ... 487 Cost Management ... 488 Decision Making ... 488 Planning and Standard Setting ... 488 A Simple World : One Cost Driver and Fixed/Variable Cost Behavior ... 489 A More Complex World : Multiple Cost Drivers and Complex Cost Behavior ... 490 Cost-Benefit Test ... 490 Step Costs ... 490 Semivariable Costs ... 491 Learning Curve ... 492 Cost Estimation Methods ... 496 Statistical Cost Estimation Using Regression Analysis ... 497 Is There a Logical Relationship between Costs and Their Drivers? ... 497 A Simple Model for Regression Analysis ... 498 Application to CC Catering ... 499 Using the Results ... 501 Using Multiple Regression Analysis to Estimate Cost Drivers for Activity-Based Management and Decision-Making ... 502 Application to CC Catering ... 504 A Cautionary Note about Using Regression ... 506 Account Analysis Method ... 506 How Do You Choose between Regression and Account Analysis? ... 508 Data Problems ... 508 Engineering Method ... 509 Unit Costs ... 509 Job Costs ... 510 New Product Costs ... 510 New Customer Costs ... 510 Facility Costs ... 510 Comparing the Estimates ... 510 Using the Results ... 511 Meals Sold ... 511 Jobs ... 512 New Products ... 512 New Customers ... 512 Facilities ... 512 The Outsourcing Decision ... 513 Costs and Benefits of Product Variety ... 513 Ethical Issues ... 514 Choosing an Estimation Method ... 515 Relevance of Data Inputs ... 515 Costs and Benefits of More Sophisticated and Detailed Methods ... 515 Choosing a Cost Equation ... 515 Chapter Summary ... 516 Key Terms ... 517 Meeting the Cost Management Challenge ... 517 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 517 Appendix to Chapter 12 : Technical Notes on Regression ... 518 Review Questions ... 520 Critical Analysis ... 521 Exercises ... 522 Problems ... 529 Cases ... 536 13 Financial Modeling and Decision Making ... 538 What Is Financial Modeling? ... 540 The Cost-Volume-Profit Model ... 541 The Break-Even Point ... 541 Target Income ... 543 The CVP Model and Income Taxes ... 544 Manipulation and Analysis of Variables ... 545 Multiple Products and the Sales Mix ... 545 Limitations of the Basic CVP Model ... 548 CVP and ABC's Multiple Cost Drivers ... 548 Using ABC in Financial Modeling ... 549 The CVP Model and Short-Term Decision-Making ... 551 Characteristics of Information Used in Decision-Making ... 551 Relevant Information : An Expanded View ... 552 Make or Buy ... 555 Outsourcing at Galaxy Productions ... 555 How Outsourcing Can Eliminate Non-Value-Added Activities ... 556 The Concept of Opportunity Cost ... 558 Nonfinancial Considerations of Closure Decisions ... 559 The Optimal Use of Scarce Resources ... 559 Multiple Scarce Resources ... 560 Pricing Decisions ... 561 Influences on Prices ... 561 Short-Run versus Long-Run Pricing Decisions ... 562 Pricing of Special Orders ... 563 More on Cost-Based Pricing ... 564 Target Costing ... 565 Life-Cycle Costs : The Impact on Prices ... 567 Pricing Practices and the Law ... 567 Chapter Summary ... 568 Key Terms ... 568 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 568 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 569 Appendix to Chapter 13 : Linear Programming ... 569 Review Questions ... 573 Critical Analysis ... 574 Exercises ... 574 Problems ... 580 Cases ... 587 14 Making Long-Term Capital Investment Decisions ... 590 Strategic Issues ... 592 Identifying Good Investments ... 593 Replacements and Minor Improvements ... 593 Expansion ... 594 Strategic Moves ... 594 Due Diligence Investigations ... 595 Financial Analysis of Alternatives ... 597 Financial Records ... 597 Interviews with Operating and Marketing Personnel ... 597 Industry Data and Competitor Analysis ... 598 Nonfinancial Analysis of Alternatives ... 598 Justification of Investments in High-Tech Projects ... 600 Sensitivity Analysis ... 601 The Approval Process ... 602 Biases in the Process ... 602 Project Implementation and Control ... 603 Audits ... 604 Ethical Issues ... 604 Misstating Information ... 604 Misstating Results ... 605 Investing in Unethical Projects ... 605 Capital Budgeting in Nonprofit Organizations ... 605 Chapter Summary ... 606 Key Terms ... 606 Meeting the Cost Management Challenges ... 606 Solutions to You're the Decision Maker ... 607 Appendix to Chapter 14 : Discounted Cash Flow Analysis ... 607 Review Questions ... 613 Critical Analysis ... 613 Exercises ... 615 Problems ... 617 Cases ... 620 Part Four Financial and Operational Budgeting and Performance Analysis ... 621 15 Budgeting and Financi