CONTENTS Preface ... xi Structure of the book ... xiii About the Authors ... xv 1 The history of the brand ... 1 Objectives ... 1 1.1 The brand before 1870 ... 1 1.2 The development of the manufacturer-owned brand ... 4 1.3 The development of the distributor-owned brand ... 7 1.4 The awareness of the value of brands ... 8 1.5 Recent developments ... 13 Questions ... 16 Notes ... 16 2 The choice for a brand strategy ... 17 Objectives ... 17 2.1 The applicability of a brand strategy ... 17 2.2 Possible advantages of a brand strategy ... 23 Questions ... 30 Notes ... 30 3 Analysis of the branded article ... 31 Objectives ... 31 3.1 The four building blocks of the branded article ... 31 3.2 The hierarchy of attributes ... 36 3.3 The relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes ... 41 Questions ... 50 Notes ... 50 4 Giving meaning to the brand ... 52 Objectives ... 52 4.1 Intended meaning of the brand ... 53 4.2 Brand images ... 63 4.3 Brand-added value ... 69 Questions ... 78 Notes ... 79 5 Two routes of brand development ... 80 Objectives ... 80 5.1 Criteria for the choice of a route for brand development ... 81 5.2 The two different roles of brand name and packaging ... 85 5.3 Instruments of brand development for the low-budget route ... 89 5.4 Phases in the high-budget route of brand development ... 100 Questions ... 102 Notes ... 103 6 The brand name as central pivot ... 104 Objectives ... 104 6.1 Three brand-name strategies ... 105 6.2 Considerations in the choice of a brand name ... 107 6.3 A classification of brand names ... 111 6.4 The brand-name development trajectory ... 114 6.5 Changes in brand names ... 123 Questions ... 125 Notes ... 125 7 The role of design in brand development ... 126 Objectives ... 126 7.1 Design as an instrument ... 127 7.2 Classification and effects of design ... 131 7.3 Brand attributes in which design plays a role ... 135 7.4 Shape and colour ... 140 7.5 The design development trajectory ... 143 7.6 Reasons for design change ... 144 Questions ... 146 Notes ... 147 8 The role of advertising and the Internet ... 148 Objectives ... 148 8.1 Advertising as an instrument in the marketing communication mix ... 149 8.2 Two forms of advertising execution ... 152 8.3 The mechanism of advertising ... 155 8.4 Operational aspects of advertising ... 158 8.5 Brands on the Internet ... 161 Questions ... 165 Notes ... 166 9 Legal protection of brands ... 167 Objectives ... 167 9.1 The trademark concept ... 167 9.2 Community trademark registration ... 171 9.3 Trademark infringement ... 178 9.4 Distinguishing capacity and expiration of rights ... 182 Questions ... 183 10 From branded article to brand portfolio ... 184 Objectives ... 184 10.1 The exploitation of one brand ... 185 10.2 Advantages of the exploitation of several brands ... 193 10.3 Four types of brand in a brand portfolio ... 197 10.4 Building and rationalising a brand portfolio ... 202 10.5 International aspects ... 204 Questions ... 210 Notes ... 211 11 Capitalisation on a successful brand ... 212 Objectives ... 212 11.1 Extension strategy ... 213 11.2 Endorsement strategy ... 228 11.3 Extension versus endorsement strategy ... 234 Questions ... 236 Notes ... 237 12 Critical success factors in brand damage ... 239 Objectives ... 239 12.1 Brand damage : from incident to crisis ... 240 12.2 Influence of market product - and brand-related factors ... 245 12.3 Influence of organisation-and reaction-related factors ... 250 12.4 Possible consequences of crises ... 256 Questions ... 263 Notes ... 264 13 The value of a brand for the organisation ... 265 Objectives ... 265 13.1 Brand equity ... 266 13.2 Components of brand equity ... 268 13.3 Financial brand valuation ... 272 Questions ... 285 Notes ... 286 Appendix 1 Price strategies and corresponding methods of pricing ... 287 Appendix 2 The Rokeach Value Survey(RVS) ... 289 Appendix 3 Criteria for various brand strategies ... 291 Appendix 4 International schedule of classes of goods and services for the registration of brands ... 292 Appendix 5 Guidelines for a product-recall advertisement ... 295 Bibliography ... 297 Author index ... 313 Brand name index ... 317 Index of terms ... 322