CONTENTS List of Exercises ... xi Preface ... xiii 1 Group Dynamics ... 3 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 3 The Importance of Groups ... 4 What Is a Group? ... 12 The Field of Group Dynamics ... 14 Group Structure ... 17 The Development of Groups over Time ... 22 Effective Groups and Effective Group Skills ... 23 Kurt Lewin and the Field of Group Dynamics ... 29 The Nature of This Book and I Iow to Use It ... 33 Keeping a Personal Journal ... 37 Learning Contract ... 37 Your Skill Level ... 38 Summary ... 39 2 Experiential Learning ... 41 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 41 Procedural Learning ... 42 Action Theories ... 43 Gaining Expertise Through Experiential Learning ... 44 Learning Group Skills ... 48 Experiential Learning and Motivation ... 50 Role Playing ... 51 Process Observation ... 52 Conducting Skill-Training Exercises ... 54 Ethics of Experiential Learning ... 58 Summary ... 60 3 Group Goals and Social Interdependence ... 63 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 63 Introduction ... 64 What Is a Goal? ... 66 Group Goals and Social Interdependence Among Members ... 89 Outcomes of Social Interdependence ... 94 Reciprocal Relationships Among the Three Outcomes ... 103 Other Ways to Achieve Cooperative Interdependence ... 107 Goal Structures and the Allocation of Rewards Among Group Members ... 109 Social Interdependence and the Real World ... 112 Developing and Maintaining Trust ... 119 Summary ... 127 4 Communication Within Groups ... 129 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 129 Introduction and Definitions ... 130 Effective Interpersonal Communication ... 133 Communicating Information in a Problem-Solving Group ... 145 Patterns of Communication Among Group Members ... 146 Effects of Competition on Communication ... 146 Physical Barriers to Communication ... 148 Communication Within an Authority Hierarchy ... 155 Informal Communication Networks and Opinion Leaders ... 158 Effects on the Message of a One-Way Communication Procedure ... 158 Communication Structures and Networks ... 162 Seating Arrangements ... 163 Taking a Survey ... 164 Improving Communication Among Group Members ... 164 Summary ... 165 5 Leadership ... 167 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 167 What Is Leadership? ... 168 Trait Theories of Leadership ... 172 Leadership Styles ... 178 The Influence Theory of Leadership ... 180 Role Position/Group Structure Approach to Leadership ... 182 Situational Theories of Leadership ... 186 Vroom and Yetton's Normative Model of Leadership ... 196 Organizational Leadership ... 197 What If You Do Not Want to Be a Leader? ... 203 Summary ... 217 6 Decision Making ... 219 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 219 Making Effective Decisions ... 220 Individual Versus Group Decision Making ... 223 Methods of Decision Making ... 237 Factors Enhancing Effective Group Decision Making ... 245 Factors Hindering Effective Group Decision Making ... 251 Approaches to Decision Making ... 267 Considered and Thoughtful Decision Making ... 269 Problems with the Theorizing on Decision Making ... 277 Summary ... 283 7 Controversy and Creativity ... 285 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 285 Controversy and Decision Making ... 289 The Steps of Structured Controversy ... 290 The Avoidance of Controversy ... 293 Experts and Group Decision Making ... 294 Outcomes of Controversy ... 304 Process of Controversy ... 306 Conditions Determining the Constructiveness of Controversy ... 309 Guidelines for Constructive Controversy ... 312 Creativity ... 317 Developing and Fostering Creativity ... 320 Open Versus Closed Belief Systems ... 323 Brainstorming ... 324 Summary ... 329 8 Conflicts of Interest ... 331 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 331 What Are Conflicts of Interest? ... 333 Conflict Strategies: What Are You Like? ... 336 Deciding How to Negotiate ... 337 Conflicts of Interest: Avoid or Resolve? ... 346 Promoting Negotiations ... 347 Steps in Negotiating Resolutions of Conflicts of Interest ... 352 Negotiating Conflicts of Interest: A Checklist for a Problem-Solving Strategy ... 369 Forcing: The Win-Lose Negotiating Strategy ... 370 Negotiating Conflicts of Interest: A Checklist for a Win-Lose Strategy ... 372 Intergroup Conflict ... 380 Three Basic Traps ... 383 Cross-Ethnic Conflict ... 383 Intergroup Conflict and Superordinate Goals ... 387 Third-Party Mediation ... 390 Summary ... 391 9 The Use of Power ... 393 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 393 Introduction ... 394 The Trait-Factor Approach to Influence ... 396 The Dynamic Interdependence View of Influence ... 399 A Definition of Power and Influence ... 401 Aversion to the Use of Direct Influence ... 402 The Bases of Power ... 406 Power and Problem Solving ... 410 Unequal Power ... 414 Power and Conflict ... 418 Group Norms ... 425 The Group Mind ... 429 Summary ... 432 10 Dealing with Diversity ... 435 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 435 Introduction ... 436 Diversity and Interdependence ... 437 Group Composition and Performance on Tasks ... 439 Barriers to Interacting with Diverse Peers ... 445 Making Diversity Among Members a Strength ... 447 Summary ... 453 11 Leading Learning and Discussion Groups ... 461 The Nature of Learning Groups ... 462 The Stages of Development of Learning Groups ... 463 Change of Ownership from Coordinator to Group Members ... 469 Basic Procedures for Structuring Discussion Groups ... 469 The Coordinator's Role: Final Notes ... 475 12 Leading Growth and Counseling Groups ... 479 Introduction ... 480 The Social-Skills Basis of Personal Growth ... 480 The Unique Powers of Group Experiences ... 481 Events That Promote Participant Change ... 483 Establishing the Goals of a Growth Group ... 486 Leading a Growth Group ... 488 Becoming a Facilitator ... 494 Feelings, Intuition, and Conceptual Frameworks ... 495 Growth Groups and Participant Anxiety ... 498 13 Team Development, Team Training ... 501 Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 501 Introduction ... 502 What Is a Team? ... 502 Types of Teams ... 505 Organizational Context ... 507 Building Productive Teams ... 513 Research on Team Effectiveness ... 517 Forming, Structuring, and Nurturing Teams ... 518 Use of Teams in Training Programs ... 523 Team Building ... 523 Assessing Quality of Work ... 524 Total Quality Management ... 533 Dealing with Problem Behaviors in Teams ... 536 Summary ... 538 Epilogue ... 541 Appendix: Answers ... 545 Glossary ... 561 References ... 571 Index ... 593