CONTENTS PART Ⅰ BACKGROUND 1. Ergonomics : An International Perspective / Hal W. Hendrick ... 3 2. The Ergonomics of System Design / David Meister ... 17 3. A Guide to Scientific Sources of Ergonomics Knowledge / Holger Luczak ; Christopher Schlick ; Johannes Sp ... 27 4. A Guide to Certification in Professional Ergonomics / Dieter W. Jahns ... 51 5. In Search for Ergonomics Knowledge : Effective Use of the World Wide Web / Peter M. Budnick ... 59 6. Professional Ergonomics Issues / Dieter W. Jahns ... 67 7. Development of Ergonomics Programs / David C. Alexander ; Gary B. Orr ... 79 PART Ⅱ FOUNDATION OF ERGONOMICS KNOWLEDGE SECTION Ⅰ Fundamentals of Ergonomics 8. Design of Information Devices and Controls / Toni Ivergard ... 97 9. Engineering Anthropometry / Karl H. E. Kroemer ... 139 10. Occupational Biomechanics / William S. Marras ... 167 11. Human Strength Evaluation / Karl H. E. Kroemer ... 205 12. Methods Based on Maximum Holding Time for Evaluation of Working / Postures Marjolein Douwes ; Mathilde C. Miedema ; ... 229 13. Low Level Static Exertions / Gisela Sjøgaard ; Bente Rona Jensen ... 247 14. Job Demands and Physical Fitness / Veikko Louhevaara ... 261 15. Psychosocial Work Factors / Pascale Carayon ; Soo-Yee Lim ... 275 16. Cognitive Factors / Philip I. Smith ... 285 SECTION Ⅱ Fundamentals of Work Analysis 17. Task Analysis / Anand Grarnopadhye ; Jatin Thaker ... 297 18. A Computer-Based Tool for Practical Ergonomic Job Analysis / Steven L. Johnson ... 331 19. Job or Task Analysis for Risk Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders / David J. Cochran ; Terry L. Stentz ; Brian L. Sto ... 345 20. The AET Method of Job Evaluation / Kurt Landau ; Regina Brauchler ; Walter Rohmert ... 355 21. Worker Strength Evaluation : Job Design and Worker Selection / Sean Gallagher ; J. Steven Moore ... 371 22. Dynamic Workplace Factors in Manual Lifting / William S. Marras ... 387 23. Push-Pull Force Limits / Sheik N. Imrhan ... 407 24. Force Exertion in User-Product Interaction / Brechtje J. Daams ... 421 25. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment(RULA) E. N. Corlett ... 437 26. OWAS Methods / Markku Mattila ; Mika Vilkki ... 447 27. Ergonomics of Hand Tools / Andris Freivalds ... 461 28. Computer-Aided Design and Human Models / J. Mark Porter ; Keith Case ; Martin T. Freer ... 479 29. A Guide to Computer Software for Ergonomics / Jari J a ·· rvinen Hongzheng Lu ... 501 30. Guide for Videotaping and Gathering Data on Jobs for Analysis of Risks of Musculoskeletal Disorders / David J. Cochran ; Terry L. Stentz ; Brian L. Sto ... 511 31. Physiological Instrumentation / Danuta Koradecka ; J. Bugajska ... 525 32. Video-Based Measurements of Human Movement / Peter M. Quesada ... 549 33. Force Dynamometers and Accelerometers / Robert G. Radwin ; Thomas Y. Yen ... 565 SECTION Ⅲ Cognitive Environment Issues 34. How Complex Human-Machine Systems Fail : Putting "Human Error" in Context / Klaus Christoffersen ; David D. Woods ... 585 35. Human and System Reliability Analysis / Joseph Sharit ... 601 36. Some Developments in Human Reliability Assessment / Barry Kirwan ... 643 37. DIALOG : A Computer-Based System for Development of Experimental Data on Human Reliability / Heiner Bubb ; Iwona Jastrzebska-Fraczek ... 667 38. Managing the Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off / Colin G. Drury ... 677 39. Receiver Characteristics in Safety Communications / Stephen L. Young ; Kenneth R. Laughery ; Michael ... 693 40. Design of Industrial Warnings / David R. Clark ; Susan A. H. Benysh ; Mark R. Leh ... 707 41. Ergonomics Methods in the Design of Consumer Products / Neville A. Stanton ; Mark S. Young ... 741 PART Ⅲ MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS - ENGINEERING FACTORS SECTION Ⅰ Disorders of the Extremities 42. Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Disorders / Bradley Evanoff ; David Rempe ... 763 43. Integrated Analysis of Upper Extremity Disorders / Richard Wells ... 775 44. Biomechanical Aspects of CTDs / Richard W. Marklin ... 795 45. Occupational Risk Factors for Shoulder Disorders / Eira Viikari-Juntura ... 833 46. Hand Tools : Design and Evaluation / Robert G. Radwin ... 851 47. Gloves / Ram Bishu ; A. Muralidhar ... 865 48. Industrial Mats / Jung-Yong Kim ... 877 49. Ergonomic Principles Applied to the Prevention of Injuries to the Lower Extremity / Steven A. Lavender ; Gunnar B. J. Andersson ... 883 50. Ergonomics of the Foot / Stephan Konz ... 895 SECTION Ⅱ Low Back Disorders 51. Epidemiology of Back Pain in Industry / Gunnar B. J. Andersson ... 913 52. Static Biomechanical Modeling in Manual Lifting / Don B. Chaffin ... 933 53. Dynamic Low Back Models : Theory and Relevance in Asssting the Ergonomist to Reduce the Risk of Low Back Injury / Stuart M. McGill ... 945 54. Selection 2 - D and 3 - D Biomechanical Spine Models : Issues for Consideration by the Ergonomist / Robert W. Norman ; Stuart M. McGill ... 967 55. Quantitative Assessment of Trunk Performance / Mohamad Parnianpour ; Aboulfazi Shirazl-Adl ... 985 56. Perspective on Industrial Low Back Pain / Malcolm H. Pope ; Donald R. McIntyre ... 1007 57. Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation / Thomas R. Waters ; Vern Putz-Anderson ... 1037 58. A Population-Based Load Threshold Limit(LTL) for Manual Lifting Tasks Performed by Males and Females / Waldemar Karwowski ; Paul Gaddie ; Wook Gee Lee ... 1063 59. Occupational Low Back Disorder Risk Assessment Using the Lumbar Motion Monitor / William S. Marras ; W. Gary Allread ; Richard G. ... 1075 60. Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders : Psychophysical Basis / Patrick C. Dempsey ... 1101 61. The Relative Importance of Biomechanical and Psychosocial Factors in Low Back Injuries / A. Kim Burton ; Michele C. Batti e ; Chris J. Mai ... 1127 62. Fall-Related Occupational Injuries / Stephen N. Robinovitch ... 1139 63. Low Back Pain Glossary : A Reference for Engineers and Ergonomists / Simon M. Hsiang ; Raymond M. McGorry ... 1151 PART Ⅳ ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS SECTION Ⅰ Ergonomics Surveillance 64. Fundamentals of Surveillance for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders / Vern Putz-Anderson ; Katharyn A. Grant ... 1189 65. Injury Surveillance Database Systems / Carol Stuart-Buttle ... 1205 66. OSHA Recordkeeping / Stephen J. Morrissey ... 1227 67. Body Discomfort Assessment Tools / Leon M. Straker ... 1239 SECTION Ⅱ Medical Management Prevention 68. Medical Management of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders / Thomas Males ; Patricia Bertsche ... 1255 69. Programs in Post Injury Management / Tarek M. Khalil ; Elsayed Abdel-Moty ; Renee Stee ... 1269 70. Physical Ability Testing for Employment Decision Purposes / Charles K. Anderson ... 1291 71. Preplacement Strength Screening / Valerie J. Rice ... 1299 72. Assessment of Worker Functional Capacities / Glenda L. Key ... 1321 73. Ergonomics and Rehabilitation / Ewa Nowak ... 1333 74. Update on the Use of Back Belts in Industry : More Data - Same Conclusion / Stuart M. McGill ... 1353 75. The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Sickness Absence / Chris J. Main ; A. Kim Burton ; Michele C. Batti ... 1359 76. Back Pain in the Workplace : Implications of Injury and Biopsychosocial Models / Michele C. Batti e , Chris J. Main ; A. Kim Burto ... 1381 77. Upper Extremity Support / Carolyn M. Sommerich ... 1395 PART Ⅴ ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN SECTION Ⅰ Ergonomics Quality and Cost-Benefit Issues 78. Human Factors and TQM / Cohn G. Drury ... 1411 79. Participatory Ergonomics / Kageyu Noro ... 1421 80. Tuttava : A Participatory Method to Improve Ergonomics and Safety Through Better Housekeeping / Jorma Saari ... 1431 81. Quality and Ergonomics : Application of Ergonomics to Continuous Improvement Is Integral to the Goals of Business / Robert L. Getty ... 1447 82. Corporate Cost Avoidance Using Sound Ergonomics Technology and Quality-Based Customer Services / Dwight P. Miller ... 1461 83. Economic Analysis of Ergonomics Programs / Carolyn M. Sommerich ... 1475 84. Economic Justification of the Ergonomics Process / David C. Alexander ; Thomas J. Albin ... 1495 85. Economic Aiding and Economic-Ergonomic Interactions in Design and Management / James R. Buck ... 1507 86. The Cost Benefit of Ergonomics : A Corporate Perspective / William E. Lischeid ; David J. Roy ... 1541 SECTION Ⅱ Ergonomics Processes 87. Success Factors for Industrial Ergonomics Programs / David C. Alexander ; Gary B. Orr ... 1561 88. Elements of the Ergonomics Process / Åsa Kilbom ; Nils F. Petersson ... 1575 89. An Ergonomic Process : A Large Industry Perspective / Bradley S. Joseph ; Susan Evans ... 1583 90. How to Set-Up Ergonomic Processes : A Small-industry Perspective / Carol Stuart-Buttle ... 1613 91. The Role of Ergonomics Training in Industry / Marilyn Joyce ... 1631 92. Training Issues in Industrial Ergonomics / Richard J. Koubek ; Sheau-Farn Liang ... 1641 PART Ⅵ ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS 93. Noise in Industry : Auditory Effects, Measurement, Regulations, and Management / John G. Casali ; Gary S. Robinson ... 1661 94. Vibrometry / Donald E. Wasserman ; David G. Wilder ... 1693 95. Behavioral Basis of Stress Exposure Limits : The Foundational Case of Thermal Stress / Peter A. Hancock ; Ioannis Vasmatzidis ... 1707 96. Work Shift Usability Testing / Donald I. Tepas ... 1741 PART Ⅶ ERGONOMICS AND THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT SECTION Ⅰ The Office Environment 97. Ergonomics of Seating and Chairs / Marvin J. Dainoff ... 1761 98. Seating and Posture in VDT Work / Antonio Grieco ; Giovanni Molteni ... 1779 99. Human-Computer Interface Requirements / Ahmet Cakir ... 1793 100. Psychosocial Factors and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Computer Work / Naomi G. Swanson ; Steven L. Santur ... 1813 101. User-Centered Software Development : Methodology and Usability Issues / Udo Konradt ; Bernhard Zimolong ; Barbara Majonic ... 1821 SECTION Ⅱ Manufacturing Systems 102. Kansei Engineering : A New Consumer-Oriented Technology for Product Development / Mitsuo Nagamachi ... 1835 103. Design for Human Assembly(DHA) / Martin G. Helander ; Bengt. Å. Will e n ... 1849 104. Human Factors in Agile Manufacturing / Chris Forsythe ; Eric Grose ... 1867 105. Occupational Safety in Robotics / Mansour Rahimi ... 1881 106. Ergonomics Issues in Mining / Sean Gallagher ... 1893 107. Risk Assessment and Safety Management in Industry / Juraj Sinay ... 1917 SECTION Ⅲ Service Systems 108. Ergonomics in Health Care Organizations / Roger C. Jensen ... 1949 109. Ergonomics Efforts in Package Delivery Industry / Steven W. Thompson ... 1961 110. Ergonomics in the Construction Industry / Scott P. Schneider ... 1967 111. Ergonomics Issues in Air Traffic Management / Karol Kerns ; Philip J. Smith ; C. Elaine McCoy ; ... 1979 Author Index ... 2007 Subject Index ... 2043