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CONTENTS
Part One Orientation ... 1
Chapter 1 Introduction ... 3
1.1 Structure ... 4
1.2 Structural Engineering ... 5
1.3 History of Structural Engineering ... 5
1.4 The Engineering Design Process ... 11
1.5 Structural Analysis ... 14
1.6 Structural Form ... 15
1.7 Simplifications for Purposes of Analysis ... 25
1.8 Loading Conditions 28
1.9 Building Materials ... 44
1.10 Numerical Computations ... 46
1.11 Additional Reading ... 47
1.12 Suggested Problems ... 47
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Structural Analysis ... 51
2.1 Forces ... 52
2.2 Specification of a Force ... 52
2.3 Free-Body Diagrams ... 54
2.4 Equations of Equilibrium ... 55
2.5 Condition Equations ... 57
2.6 Displacements ... 58
2.7 Compatibility ... 59
2.8 Boundary Conditions ... 60
2.9 Principle of Superposition ... 61
2.10 Work ... 63
2.11 Complementary Work ... 65
2.12 Principle of Virtual Displacements ... 67
2.13 Virtual Work for a Deformable Body ... 69
2.14 Complementary Virtual Work for a Deformable Body ... 71
2.15 Application of Virtual Methods ... 72
2.16 Principle of Stationary Total Potential Energy ... 73
2.17 Principle of Stationary Total Complementary Potential Energy ... 75
2.18 Stiffness and Fiexibility ... 77
2.19 Maxwell`s and Betti`s Laws ... 79
2.20 Additional Reading ... 81
Part Two Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures ... 83
Chapter 3 Reactions ... 85
3.1 Reaction Forces for Planar Structures ... 86
3.2 Support Conditions : Real versus Idealized ... 88
3.3 Statical Determinacy and Stability for Planar Structures ... 88
3.4 Computation of Reactions Using Equations of Equilibrium ... 91
3.5 Condition Equations for Planar Structures ... 97
3.6 Computation of Reactions by Virtual Methods ... 102
3.7 Reaction Forces for Nonplanar Structures ... 105
3.8 External Statical Determinacy and Stability for Nonplanar Structures ... 106
3.9 Computation of Reactions for Nonplanar Structures ... 108
3.10 Variations in Boundary Conditions ... 113
3.11 Additional Reading ... 115
3.12 Suggested Problems ... 115
Chapter 4 Member Forces in Trusses ... 124
4.1 Planar Truss Structures ... 125
4.2 Idealizations for Planar Trusses ... 125
4.3 Variations in Planar Truss Configuration ... 127
4.4 Truss Joint Identification and Member Force Representation ... 129
4.5 Sign Convention and Member Force Representation ... 130
4.6 Strategy for Planar Truss Analysis ... 131
4.7 Condition Equations ... 132
4.8 Statical Determinacy and Stability of Planar Trusses ... 134
4.9 Numerical Truss Analysis Problems ... 138
4.10 Complex Planar Trusses ... 146
4.11 Nonplanar Truss-Type Space Frameworks ... 147
4.12 Variations in Framework Configurations ... 147
4.13 Joint Identification. Member Force Notation. and Sign Convention ... 150
4.14 Overall Statical Determinacy and Stability of Space Frameworks ... 151
4.15 Analysis of Truss-Type Space Frameworks ... 153
4.16 Complex Frameworks ... 161
4.17 General Formulation of Truss / Framework Analysis ... 162
4.18 Computer Program for Truss / Framework Analysis ... 171
4.19 Additional Reading ... 174
4.20 Suggested Problems ... 174
Chapter5 Member Forces in Beams and Frames ... 183
5.1 Beam and Frame Structures ... 184
5.2 Internal Forces for Flexural Members ... 184
5.3 Notation and Sign Convention ... 186
5.4 Statical Determinacy and Stability of Beam and Frame Structures ... 187
5.5 Determination of Internal Forces ... 188
5.6 Relationships between Load, Shear, and Bending Moment ... 193
5.7 Shear and Moment Diagrams ... 195
5.8 Qualitative Deflected Structures ... 201
5.9 Detailed Construction of V & M Diagrams ... 201
5.10 Example Shear and Moment Diagram Problems ... 205
5.11 Shear and Moment Diagrams for Statically Indeterminate Structures ... 214
5.12 Internal Forces for Nonplanar Structures ... 218
5.13 Member Force Notation and Sign Convention ... 218
5.14 Internal Force Diagrams for Nonplanar Structures ... 220
5.15 Computer Program for Computation of Shears and Moment in Flexural Members ... 222
5.16 Additional Reading ... 224
5.17 Suggested Problems ... 225
Chapter 6 Influence Lines ... 232
6.1 Variable Loadings ... 233
6.2 Variation in Response Function with Position of Load : Influence Line ... 233
6.3 Influence Lines by Equilibrium Method ... 234
6.4 Influence Lines by Virtual Work : M u ·· ller-Brealau Principle ... 245
6.5 Use of Influence Lines ... 250
6.6 Maximum Response Functions in Beams ... 255
6.7 Additional Reading ... 265
6.8 Suggested Problems ... 265
Part Three Elastic Deflections of Structures ... 271
Chapter 7 Elastic Deflections of Truss and Frameworks ... 273
7.1 Description of Truss Deflection Problem ... 274
7.2 Axial Force-Deformation Relationships ... 274
7.3 Truss Deflections by Complementary Virtual Work ... 277
7.4 Application of Complementary Virtual Work Method ... 279
7.5 Deflections of Space Frameworks ... 287
7.6 Truss Deflections by Energy Method ... 290
7.7 Computer Program for Determination of Truss Deflections ... 294
7.8 Additional Reading ... 296
7.9 Suggested Problems ... 297
Chapter8 Elastic Deflections of Beam and Frame Structures ... 303
8.1 Description of Flexural Deformation Problem ... 304
8.2 Flexural Force-Deformation Relationships ... 304
8.3 Integration Method ... 309
8.4 Moment-Area Method ... 315
8.5 Application of Moment-Area Method ... 317
8.6 The Elastic Load Method ... 329
8.7 The Conjugate Beam Method ... 335
8.8 Beam and Frame Deflections by Complementary Virtual Work ... 341
8.9 Deflections for Nonpalnar Beam and Frame Structures ... 347
8.10 Beam and Frame Deflections by Energy Method ... 353
8.11 Computer Program for Determination of Deflections for Flexural Member ... 355
8.12 Additional Reading ... 358
8.13 Suggestes Problems ... 358
Part Four Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures ... 369
Chapter 9 More Basic Concepts of Structural Analysis ... 371
9.1 Requirements and Limitations of Equilibrium ... 372
9.2 Static Indeterminacies ; Redundancies ... 373
9.3 Requirements and Limitations of Compatibility ... 375
9.4 Kinematic Indeterminacies ; Redundancies ... 377
9.5 Alternative Form of Analysis ... 378
9.6 Static versus Kinematic Indeterminacy ... 382
9.7 Compatibility Method of Analysis ... 382
9.8 Equilibrium Method of Analysis ... 384
9.9 Behavioral Characteristics of Statically Indeterminate Structures ... 385
9.10 Additional Reading ... 389
Chapter 10 Method of Consistent Deformations (and other Compatibility Methods) ... 390
10.1 Nature of Compatibility Methods ... 391
10.2 Redundancies : External versus Internal ... 391
10.3 Determination of Redundant Reactions ... 391
10.4 Application of the Method of Consistent Deformations ... 396
10.5 Support Settlements and Elastic Supports ... 406
10.6 Determination of Redundant Member Forces for Beam-Type Structures ... 413
10.7 The Three-Moment Equation ... 415
10.8 Application of the Three-Moment Equation ... 417
10.9 Self-Straining Problems ... 420
10.10 Determination of Redundant Member Forces for Truss Structures ... 426
10.11 Compatibility Equations by Energy Methods ... 432
10.12 Additional Reading ... 438
10.13 Suggested Problems ... 438
Chapter 11 Slope Deflection Method (and Other Equilibrium Methods) ... 447
11.1 Nature of Equilibrium Methods ... 448
11.2 The Slope Deflection Equation ... 449
11.3 Interpretation of the Slope Deflection Equation ... 452
11.4 Slope Deflection Method for Beam Problems ... 453
11.5 Slope Deflection Method for Frame Problems ... 455
11.6 Application of the Slope Deflection Method ... 458
11.7 Temperature Change ... 466
11.8 Problem Variations ... 469
11.9 Equilibrium Method for Truss Analysis ... 471
11.10 Equilibrium Equations by Energy Methods ... 478
11.11 Computer Program for Slope Deflection Method of Analysis ... 485
11.12 Additional Reading ... 490
11.13 Suggested Problems ... 490
Chapter 12 Moment Distribution Method ... 498
12.1 Solution Techniques for Equilibrium Methods ... 499
12.2 Iterative Methods ... 499
12.3 Physical Interpretation of Iterative Solutions ... 501
12.4 Moment Distribution Method for Beam Problems ... 502
12.5 Application of Moment Distribution Method to Beam Problems ... 505
12.6 Modifications in Moment Distribution Method ... 512
12.7 Application to Beam Problems Using Modifications ... 515
12.8 Moment Distribution Method for Frame Problems ... 518
12.9 Application of Moment Distribution Method to Frame Problems ... 522
12.10 Additional Reading ... 532
12.11 Suggested Problems ... 532
Part Five Matrix Methods of Analysis ... 535
Chapter 13 Member Force- Deformation Relations ... 537
13.1 Significance of Member Interactive Relationships ... 538
13.2 Member Stiffnesses ... 538
13.3 Member Flexibilities ... 540
13.4 Relationship Between Member Stiffness and Flexibility Matrices ... 541
13.5 Structure and Member Coordinate Systems ... 543
13.6 Member Flexibility Matrix ... 545
13.7 Member Stiffness Matrix ... 548
13.8 Some Observations on the Stiffness Matrix ... 553
13.9 Flexibility-Stiffness Transformations ... 554
13.10 Alternative Member Coordinate Systems ... 558
13.11 Additional Reading ... 559
13.12 Suggested Problems ... 560
Chapter 14 Stiffness Method ... 562
14.1 Fundamental Concepts of Stiffness Method ... 563
14.2 Overview of Stiffness Method ... 563
14.3 Generation of Structure Stiffness Matrix ... 566
14.4 Compatibility Matrices ... 569
14.5 Application of Stiffness Method ... 572
14.6 Loads Applied Between Node Points ― Equivalent Structure Forces ... 588
14.7 Self-Straining Problems ... 596
14.8 Direct Stiffness Method ... 605
14.9 Further Observations About Stiffness Equations ... 609
14.10 Generation of [K] ... 610
14.11 Computer Program for Stiffness Method of Analysis ... 614
14.12 Additional Reading ... 618
14.13 Suggested Problems ... 618
Chapter 15 Flexibility Method ... 627
15.1 Fundamental Concept of Flexibility Method ... 628
15.2 Overview of the Flexibility Method ... 628
15.3 Equilibrium Matrices ... 630
15.4 Generation of Structure Flexibility Matrix ... 631
15.5 Application of the Flexibility Method ... 632
15.6 Internally Redundant Structures ... 644
15.7 Loads Applied Between Node Points ... 650
15.8 Self-Straining Problems ... 659
15.9 Generation of [b]Matrices ... 662
15.10 Choice of Redundants ... 666
15.11 Comparisons Between Flexibility and Stiffness Methods ... 668
15.12 Additional Reading ... 668
15.13 Suggested Problems ... 669
Appendices ... 671
A.1 Systems of Units ... 672
A.2 Computer Programs ... 676
A.3 Answers to Selected Problems ... 682
Index ... 691
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