CONTENTS Preface ... xix Part One UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL WORK : KEY CONCEPTS AND PERSPECTIVES ... 1 Chapter 1 Social Welfare, Past and Present ... 4 A Definition of Social Welfare and Its Relationship to Social Work ... 5 The Value Base of Social Work ... 6 Our English Heritage ... 7 Speenhamland ... 9 Social Welfare in Colonial America ... 9 Changing Patterns after the Revolution ... 10 Caring for the Urban Poor ... 10 Caring for Specific Populations ... 11 The New Deal ... 13 The Social Security Act ... 15 Social Insurance ... 15 Public Assistance ... 16 Health and Welfare Services ... 16 Social Welfare : The Post-Social Security Era ... 17 The Great Society Programs ... 17 Conservatism in the Mid-1960s and 1970s ... 18 Welfare Reform and the Late 1970s ... 19 Cutbacks in the Reagan-Bush Years ... 19 The Clinton Years ... 20 Summary ... 22 Key Terms ... 22 Discussion Questions ... 23 InfoTrac College Edition ... 23 On the Internet ... 23 References ... 23 Suggested Further Readings ... 23 Chapter 2 Social Work and Other Helping Professions ... 25 Why Do People Have Problems? ... 26 Genetics and Heredity ... 26 Socialization ... 27 Cultural Differences ... 27 Environmental Factors ... 27 The Opportunity Structure ... 28 Social Work Defined ... 28 The Early Years ... 30 Underpinnings of the Profession ... 32 Values ... 32 Ethics ... 33 Liberal Arts Base ... 34 Knowledge That Builds on the Liberal Arts Base ... 34 Practice Skills ... 34 Planned Change ... 35 Social Work Methods ... 35 Social Work with Individuals and Families ... 36 Social Work with Groups(Group Work) ... 36 Community Organization ... 36 Social Work Research ... 37 Social Work Administration and Planning ... 37 Professional Issues in Social Work ... 37 The Social Agency ... 38 Education and Levels of Social Work Practice ... 38 Bachelor of Social Work(BSW) ... 38 Master of Social Work : Advanced Practice ... 40 Doctorate in Social Work(DSW and Ph.D.) ... 40 Social Work Careers ... 40 Other Helping Professionals ... 41 Psychiatrists ... 42 Psychologists ... 42 Sociologists ... 43 Pastoral Counselors ... 43 Guidance Counselors ... 44 Employment Counselors ... 45 Nurses ... 46 Attorneys-at-Law ... 46 The Need for Professional Diversity ... 47 The Baccalaureate Social Worker and Other Professions ... 48 Summary ... 49 Key Terms ... 49 Discussion Questions ... 50 InfoTrac College Edition ... 50 On the Internet ... 50 References ... 50 Suggested Further Readings ... 50 Chapter 3 The Systems／Ecological Perspective : Understanding Social Work and Social Welfare ... 52 The Impact of Theoretical Frameworks on Intervention ... 54 The Difference between Causal Relationships and Association ... 55 The Need : A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Social Welfare Problems ... 55 The Systems／Ecological Framework ... 57 The Perspective of Systems Theory ... 58 System ... 59 Synergy ... 59 Boundaries ... 59 Open and Closed Systems ... 60 Interactions and Interrelations ... 62 Steady State ... 63 Equifinality ... 63 Critiques of the Systems／Ecological Framework ... 63 Levels of the Environment ... 64 Problems in Living ... 68 The Utility of the Systems／Ecological Framework ... 68 The Utility of Other Theories and Frameworks ... 70 The Systems／Ecological Framework and Professional Practice ... 73 Applying the Systems／Ecological Framework : The Social Welfare System and Poverty ... 74 The Generalist Model ... 76 The Strengths Perspective ... 77 Empowerment ... 78 Social and Economic Justice ... 78 The Helping Process ... 79 Applications with Juan and His Family ... 80 Summary ... 83 Key Terms ... 83 Discussion Questions ... 83 InfoTrac College Edition ... 84 On the Internet ... 84 References ... 84 Suggested Further Readings ... 85 Chapter 4 Diversity and Social Justice : The Impact of Race, Ethnicity, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation ... 86 Prejudice and Discrimination ... 87 Social and Economic Justice : Women ... 89 Income ... 90 Education ... 91 Social Work ... 91 Religion ... 91 Politics ... 91 Institutional Sexism ... 92 The Abortion Dilemma ... 93 The Legal Issue ... 93 The Medical Issue ... 94 The Values Issue ... 94 Social Reform : The Feminist Movement and Social Action ... 95 Social and Economic Justice : Sexual Orientation ... 96 Social and Economic Justice : Class ... 99 Social and Economic Justice : Race and Ethnicity ... 99 Pluralism ... 100 Social and Economic Justice : African Americans ... 100 Social and Economic Justice : Latino Populations ... 101 Social and Economic Justice : Asian Americans ... 102 Social and Economic Justice : Native Americans ... 103 Efforts to Produce Social Justice for Racial and Ethnic Groups ... 104 School Desegregation ... 104 Major Legislation ... 105 Erosion of Progress ... 106 Social Work and the Civil Rights Movement ... 107 Summary ... 108 Key Terms ... 109 Discussion Questions ... 109 InfoTrac College Edition ... 109 On the Internet ... 109 References ... 110 Suggested Further Readings ... 110 Part Two SOCIAL WORK : GENERALIST PRACTICE : METHODS OF INTERVENTION ... 111 Chapter 5 Generalist Practice : Social Work with Individuals and Families ... 115 Generalist Practice : A Definition ... 117 Preparation for Generalist Practice with Individuals and Families ... 118 The Generalist Practice Process ... 118 Social Study ... 118 Assessment ... 119 Goal Setting ... 119 Contracting ... 119 Intervention ... 120 Evaluation ... 120 The Social Worker-Client Relationship ... 120 The Development of Practice Skills ... 121 Conceptual Skills ... 122 Interviewing Skills ... 122 Recording ... 123 Practice Theories : Individuals and Families ... 123 Systems／Ecological Framework ... 124 Ego Psychology ... 124 Problem-Solving Approach ... 125 Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches ... 126 Reality Therapy ... 126 Task-Centered Social Work ... 128 Social Work Intervention with Families ... 128 Other Approaches ... 128 Practice Effectiveness ... 129 Supervision of Generalist Practitioners ... 129 Social Work Practice and the MSW Social Worker ... 130 The BSW Social Worker in Practice with Individuals and Families ... 130 Summary ... 131 Key Terms ... 131 Discussion Questions ... 132 InfoTrac College Edition ... 132 On the Internet ... 132 References ... 132 Suggested Further Readings ... 132 Chapter 6 Generalist Practice : Social Work with Groups and the Community ... 133 Social Groups : A Definition ... 134 Goals of Social Group Work ... 135 Group Focus ... 135 Recreation Groups ... 135 Recreation Skill Groups ... 135 Educational Groups ... 135 Socialization Groups ... 135 Self-Help Groups ... 137 Therapeutic Groups ... 137 Encounter Groups ... 138 Effective Group Development ... 138 Theory for Group Work Practice ... 139 Social Group Work as a Practice ... 140 Group Work Settings ... 141 Evaluation ... 141 Group Termination ... 142 Social Work with Communities ... 142 What Is a Community? ... 143 Community Practice Approaches ... 145 Social Work with Groups and the Community ... 146 Summary ... 146 Key Terms ... 146 Discussion Questions ... 146 InfoTrac College Edition ... 147 On the Internet ... 147 References ... 147 Suggested Further Readings ... 147 Chapter 7 Generalist Practice : Policy, Administration, and Practice ... 148 Policy Practice ... 149 Approaches to the Study of Social Welfare ... 150 Goals of the Welfare System ... 151 Dimensions for Choice ... 152 Stages of the Political Process and Social Work Roles ... 152 Administration and the Delivery of Social Welfare Services ... 153 Administrative Strategy ... 154 Applying a Systems／Ecological Perspective ... 155 Weighing the Client's Best Interests ... 156 Social Welfare Agencies : A Historical Overview ... 156 Contemporary Structure ... 158 Research ... 159 Disciplinary Research ... 159 Policy Research ... 161 Evaluative Research ... 162 Practice Research ... 163 Level 1 : Exploratory ... 164 Level 2 : Descriptive ... 165 Level 3 : Explanatory ... 165 Level 4 : Perspective ... 165 The Status of Social Work in Shaping Social Welfare Policy and Agencies ... 166 Career Opportunities in Policy, Administration, and Research ... 167 Summary ... 168 Key Terms ... 169 Discussion Questions ... 169 InfoTrac College Edition ... 170 On the Internet ... 170 References ... 170 Suggested Further Readings ... 170 Part Three FIELDS OF PRACTICE AND POPULATIONS SERVED BY SOCIAL WORKERS ... 173 Chapter 8 Income Assistance, Poverty, and Homelessness ... 178 Many Views on Poverty and How to Help ... 180 Conceptualizations of Poverty ... 181 Definitions of Poverty ... 183 Who Are America's Poor? ... 184 Historical Context of Aid for the Poor ... 188 Colonial America and Pre-Civil War Years : 1647 - 1860 ... 188 Post-Civil War Years to Early 1900s ... 189 The Great Depression, the New Deal and Beyond : Late 1920s to 1940s ... 191 The Great Society, the War on Poverty, and Beyond : The 1950s, 1960s, and Early 1970s ... 192 The 1980s : A Last-Ditch Effort to Reduce the Welfare Rolls ... 194 The 1990s : An End to Welfare as We Knew It ... 195 Current Strategies for Addressing Poverty ... 200 A Strong Market and Family System ... 200 Social Insurance Programs ... 200 Public Assistance Programs ... 201 In-Kind Benefits and Tax Credits ... 202 Other Antipoverty Programs ... 203 The New Millennium : 2000 and Beyond ... 204 Homelessness ... 205 Characteristics of the Homeless ... 207 Rural Homelessness ... 212 Policies and Programs that Address Homelessness ... 213 Other Programs ... 214 The Roles of Social Workers in the Fight Against Poverty ... 215 Summary ... 216 Key Terms ... 216 Discussion Questions ... 217 InfoTrac College Edition ... 217 On the Internet ... 217 References ... 217 Suggested Further Readings ... 219 Chapter 9 Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Developmental Disabilities ... 220 Mental Health ... 223 Mental Health or Mental Illness : Definitions ... 224 Categorizing Mental Illness ... 225 Mental Health : A Matter of Viewpoint ... 227 The Development of Mental Health Problems ... 228 The Systems／Ecological Perspective on Mental Health Issues ... 230 Types of Mental Health Problems ... 230 Depression ... 231 Bipolar Disorder ... 231 Schizophrenia ... 232 Anxiety Disorders ... 232 Suicide ... 232 Homelessness ... 234 Alcoholism and Chemical Dependency ... 235 Commonly Abused Substances ... 236 Social and Economic Costs of Substance Abuse ... 237 At-Risk Populations and Substance Abuse ... 238 Children ... 240 Other Factors Associated with Substance Abuse ... 241 Intervention for Substance Abusers and Their Families ... 241 Developmental Disabilities ... 246 Factors Associated with Developmental Disabilities ... 248 Legislation and Programs for Persons with Developmental Disabilities ... 249 The Americans with Disabilities Act ... 249 Other Legislation ... 251 Changing Views toward Mental Health Problems, Substance Abuse, and Developmental Disabilities ... 252 From Inhumane to Moral Treatment ... 253 More Reforms Needed ... 254 The Introduction of Psychoanalysis ... 255 The Shift to Community Mental Health Programs ... 255 Initial Postwar Developments ... 255 Community Mental Health Initiatives ... 256 Legal Rights of Clients and Consumer Advocacy ... 257 Availability of Resources and Responsibility for Care ... 260 Deinstitutionalization ... 261 Wide-Ranging Program Alternatives ... 262 Caring for Children with Disabilities and Developmental Delays ... 263 Prevention versus Treatment ... 264 Managed Care ... 265 The Roles of Social Workers in the Delivery of Mental Health Services ... 266 The History of Social Workers in Mental Health ... 266 Career Opportunities in Mental Health ... 267 New Trends in Services and Social Work Roles ... 269 Summary ... 272 Key Terms ... 272 Discussion Questions ... 273 InfoTrac College Edition ... 273 On the Internet ... 273 References ... 274 Suggested Further Readings ... 275 Chapter 10 Health Care ... 276 A Systems／Ecological Approach to Health Care ... 279 Income ... 280 Ethnicity ... 281 Gender ... 282 Age ... 282 Disability ... 282 Rural and Urban Areas ... 282 Applying a Systems／Ecological Perspective ... 283 The Evolution of Health Care in America ... 283 Critical Issues in Current Health Care Delivery ... 284 Funding and Costs of Health Care ... 284 Health Insurance Plans and Managed Care ... 285 Comparing Health Care Costs to Outcomes ... 288 An Increasing Elderly Population ... 290 Increased Knowledge and Availability of Technology ... 290 Emphasis on Third-Party Payments ... 291 Increased Costs of Health Care for the Poor ... 292 Increased Numbers of Malpractice Suits ... 293 Current Major Health Problems ... 293 AIDS ... 293 Other Illnesses and Health Problems ... 299 Catastrophic Illness ... 299 Teenage Pregnancy ... 300 Environmental Factors ... 300 Prevention and Wellness Programs ... 301 Ethical Issues ... 302 Health Planning ... 305 Hill-Burton Act ... 305 Medicare and Medicaid ... 305 Maternal and Child Health Act ... 306 Healthy Steps for Young Children Program ... 307 Children's Health Insurance Program(CHIP) ... 307 Other Child Health Provisions under the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 ... 308 Comprehensive Health Planning Act ... 308 Health Maintenance Organization Legislation ... 309 CARE Act ... 309 Future Legislation : Health Care Reform ... 309 Social Work Roles in the Delivery of Health Services ... 312 Hospital Settings ... 314 Long-Term Care Facilities and Nursing Homes ... 314 Community-Based Health Care Programs ... 315 Home Health Care ... 316 State Department of Health and Health Planning Agencies ... 316 Other Health Care Settings ... 317 Summary ... 317 Key Terms ... 318 Discussion Questions ... 318 InfoTrac College Edition ... 319 On the Internet ... 319 References ... 319 Suggested Further Readings ... 321 Chapter 11 The Needs of Children, Youth, and Families ... 322 Issues to Consider When Addressing Child and Family Needs ... 325 What Is a Family? ... 325 How Are Families of Today Viewed? ... 325 What Is a Health Family? ... 326 How Are Family Problems Defined? ... 326 What Causes Families to Have Problems? ... 329 How Do Cultural and Gender Differences Affect Family Problems? ... 329 Changing Family Situations ... 331 Divorce and Separation ... 331 Single Parenting ... 334 Gay and Lesbian Parenting ... 335 Stepparenting and Blended Families ... 336 Family Problems Affecting Children ... 337 Substance Abuse ... 337 Spouse Abuse ... 340 Child Maltreatment ... 343 Physical Abuse ... 343 Sexual Abuse ... 347 Child Neglect ... 349 Failure to Thrive ... 349 Neglectful Parents ... 349 Psychological Maltreatment ... 351 Problems Associated with Adolescents ... 353 Summary ... 358 Key Terms ... 358 Discussion Questions ... 359 InfoTrac College Edition ... 359 On the Internet ... 359 References ... 359 Suggested Further Readings ... 361 Chapter 12 Services to Children, Youth, and Families ... 363 Current Philosophical Issues ... 365 The Right to a Permanent, Nurturing Family ... 365 The Best Interests of the Child ... 365 Considerations before State Intervention ... 366 Preventing Family Disruption and Dysfunction ... 367 How Accountable Are Parents? ... 367 Defining Services to Children, Youth, and Families ... 369 The History of Services to Children, Youth, and Families ... 370 Colonial Times ... 370 The Nineteenth Century ... 371 The Early Twentieth Century ... 372 The Social Security Act of 1935 ... 372 The 1960s and l970s ... 373 Adoption Assistance and Related Child Welfare Legislation ... 374 The Mid-1980s and the l990s ... 375 Support to Get Families Off Welfare ... 377 Moving into the 21st Century ... 378 Preventive Services to Children in Their Own Homes ... 380 Natural Support Systems ... 380 Home-Based Services ... 380 Parent Education ... 381 Child Development and Child Care Programs ... 382 Recreational, Religious, and Social Programs ... 382 Health and Family Planning Problems ... 383 Education about Family Problems ... 383 Appropriate Educational Opportunities ... 383 School Social Work ... 383 Services to Children and Families at Risk ... 386 Health and Hospital Outreach Programs ... 386 Child Care ... 388 Homemaker Services ... 389 Crisis Intervention Programs ... 389 Counseling ... 389 Support and Self-Help Groups ... 392 Volunteer and Outreach Programs ... 392 Child Protective Services ... 394 Investigations of Child Maltreatment ... 394 Determination of Intervention Approach ... 395 Typical Services Provided ... 396 Family Preservation Services ... 397 Substitute Care ... 398 Types of Substitute Care ... 398 Foster Care ... 399 Residential Treatment ... 400 Adoption ... 400 Adoption Issues ... 401 Adoption of Children with Special Needs ... 401 Child Welfare and Cultural Diversity ... 404 Child Welfare and the Future ... 406 The Role of Social Workers in Providing Services to Children, Youth, and Families ... 408 Summary ... 410 Key Terms ... 410 Discussion Questions ... 411 InfoTrac College Edition ... 411 On the Internet ... 411 References ... 411 Suggested Further Readings ... 412 Chapter 13 Older Adults : Needs and Services ... 414 Physiological Aging ... 417 Behavior and Adaptation to Old Age ... 418 Attitudes toward Growing Old ... 419 Retirement ... 420 Older Adults and Their Families ... 422 Dying and Death ... 423 Aging and Mental Health ... 424 Income Security ... 425 Health and Health Care Services ... 427 Abuse and Neglect ... 429 Long-Term Care ... 430 Housing ... 431 Transportation ... 432 People of Color as Older Adults ... 433 Services for Older Adults ... 434 Social Work with Older Adults ... 435 Summary ... 436 Key Terms ... 436 Discussion Questions ... 436 InfoTrac College Edition ... 437 On the Internet ... 437 References ... 437 Suggested Further Readings ... 438 Chapter 14 Criminal and Juvenile Justice ... 439 The Criminal Justice System ... 440 Legislative Component ... 441 Law Enforcement Component ... 441 Judicial Component ... 442 Corrections Component ... 445 The Juvenile Justice System ... 447 Juvenile Justice Agencies ... 449 Juvenile Courts ... 449 Juvenile Corrections ... 449 Juvenile Correctional Institutions ... 449 Dual System of Justice ... 450 Alternatives to Get-Tough Policies ... 451 Rehabilitation ... 452 Vocational Training ... 452 Work Release ... 453 Financial Assistance ... 453 Prison Industries ... 453 Treatment ... 453 Issues in Rehabilitation ... 453 Crime Prevention ... 454 Views of Criminal Behavior ... 455 Psychological Views of the Criminal Personality ... 456 Social Views of Criminal Behavior ... 456 Economic Rationale of Crime ... 457 Program Alternatives ... 458 The Role of Social Work in the Criminal Justice System ... 458 Summary ... 459 Key Terms ... 460 Discussion Questions ... 460 InfoTrac College Edition ... 460 On the Internet ... 460 References ... 461 Suggested Further Readings ... 461 Chapter 15 Social Work in Rural Settings ... 462 Rural : An Operational Definition ... 463 Characteristics of Rural Populations ... 464 Social Organizations of Rural Communities ... 465 Support Services in the Rural Community ... 466 Social Problems in Rural Are