CONTENTS Part 1 Studying Society and Social Life 1 The Sociological Perspective ... 1 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Consumption and Credit Card? ... 3 Putting Social Life into Perspective ... 3 Why Study Sociology? ... 3 The Sociological Imagination ... 5 The Importance of a Global Sociological Imagination ... 7 Sociology in Global Perspective： Charge! The New Global Rallying Cry ... 8 The Origins of Sociological Thinking ... 10 Sociology and the Age of Enlightenment ... 10 Sociology and the Age of Revolution, Industrialization, and Urbanization ... 11 The Development of Modern Sociology ... 12 Early Thinkers： A Concern with Social Order and Stability ... 12 Differing Views on the Status Quo： Stability Versus Change ... 16 Changing Times： Media and Technology： Living in the Age of "Buy-Me" TV and Cybershopping ... 17 The Beginnings of Sociology in the United States ... 21 Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives ... 22 Functionalist Perspectives ... 22 Conflict Perspectives ... 23 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives ... 25 You Can Make a Difference： Taking a Stand Against Overspending ... 26 Postmodern Perspectives ... 28 2 Sociological Research Methods ... 32 Why Is Sociological Research Necessary? ... 34 Common Sense and Sociological Research ... 34 Sociology and Scientific Evidence ... 34 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Suicide? ... 35 The Theory and Research Cycle ... 35 Changing Times： Media and Technology： The Heaven's Gate Suicide and the Internet ... 37 The Sociological Research Process ... 38 The "Conventional" Research Model ... 40 A Qualitative Research Model ... 43 Research Methods ... 45 Survey Research ... 45 Secondary Analysis of Existing Data ... 48 Field Research ... 51 Experiments ... 54 Multiple Methods： Triangulation ... 57 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research ... 59 The ASA Code of Ethics ... 59 The Zellner Research ... 60 The Humphreys Research ... 60 The Scarce Research ... 60 You Can Make a Difference： Responding to a Cry for Help ... 61 3 Culture ... 65 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Culture and Intolerance Toward Others? ... 67 Culture and Society ... 67 The Importance of Culture in a Changing World ... 67 Material Culture and Nonmaterial Culture ... 69 Cultural Universals ... 71 Components of Culture ... 72 Symbols ... 72 Language ... 73 Values ... 77 Norms ... 80 Popular Culture ... 81 High Culture and Popular Culture ... 81 Popular Culture and Leisure ... 82 Cultural Change and Diversity ... 83 Cultural Change ... 83 Changing Times： Media and Technology Popular Culture in the High-'Tech Age： Elvis and Princess Diana as Media Icons ... 84 Cultural Diversity ... 85 Sociology in Global Perspective： Popular Culture, the Internet, and Cultural Imperialsm ... 86 Culture Shock ... 90 Ethnocentrism ... 91 Cultural Relativism ... 91 Sociological Analysis of Culture ... 92 Functionalist Perspectives ... 92 Conflict Perspectives ... 92 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives ... 93 Postmodernist Perspectives ... 94 Culture in the Future ... 95 You Can Make a Difference： Understanding People from Other Cultures ... 96 4 Socialization ... 99 Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe? ... 101 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care? ... 101 Human Development： Biology and Society ... 102 Problems Associated with Social Isolation and Maltreatment ... 104 Psychological Theories of Human Development ... 105 Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective ... 105 Erikson and Psychosocial Development ... 105 Piaget and Cognitive Development ... 107 Kohlberg and the Stages of Moral Development ... 108 Gilligan's View on Gender and Moral Development ... 109 Sociological Theories of Human Development ... 109 Cooley, Mead, and Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives ... 110 Recent Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives ... 113 Ecological Perspectives ... 113 Agents of Socialization ... 114 The Family ... 114 The School ... 115 Peer Groups ... 116 Mass Media ... 118 Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization ... 119 Changing Times： Media and Technology： Now Playing： Babes in Media Culture and Cyberspace ... 120 Socialization Through the Life Course ... 121 Infancy and Childhood ... 121 Sociology in Global Perspective： Living in Two Worlds at Once： How Some Immigrants Learn to Cope with Dual Identities ... 122 Adolescence ... 122 Adulthood ... 123 Resocialization ... 124 Voluntary Resocialization ... 124 Involuntary Socialization ... 124 You Can Make a Difference： Helping a Child Reach Adulthood ... 125 Socialization in the Future ... 125 Part 2 Social Groups and Social Control 5 Society, Social Structure, and Interaction ... 129 Social Structure： The Macrolevel Perspective ... 131 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Homeless Persons? ... 131 Components of Social Structure ... 133 Status ... 133 Roles ... 136 Groups ... 139 Social Institutions ... 140 Societies, Technology, and Sociocultural Change ... 141 Hunting and Gathering Societies ... 141 Horticultural and Pastoral Societies ... 142 Agrarian Societies ... 143 Industrial Societies ... 145 Postindustrial Societies ... 146 Stability and Change in Societies ... 148 Durkheim： Mechanical and Organic Solidarity ... 148 T<?import namespace ... m ur Social Structure and Homelessness ... 149 Sociology ann Social Policy： Homeless Rights Versus Public Space ... 150 Social Interaction： The Microlevel Perspective ... 150 Social Interaction and Meaning ... 151 The Social Construction of Reality ... 151 Ethnomethodology ... 152 Changing Times： Media and Technology： The Homeless and the Holidays ... 153 Dramaturgical Analysis ... 154 The Sociology of Emotions ... 156 Nonverbal Communication ... 157 Future Changes in Society, Social Structure, and Interaction ... 159 You Can Make a Difference： Overcoming Compassion Fatigue ... 160 6 Groups and Organizations ... 163 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Sexual Harassment? ... 165 Social Groups ... 166 Groups, Aggregates, and Categories ... 167 Types of Groups ... 167 Group Characteristics ... 169 Group Size ... 169 Group Leadership ... 170 Group Dynamics ... 172 Group Conformity ... 172 You Can Make a Difference： Confronting Sexual Harassment in Organizations ... 176 Groupthink ... 176 Social Exchange／Rational Choice Theories ... 177 Formal Organizations in Global Perspective ... 178 Types of Formal Organizations ... 179 Bureaucracies ... 180 Sociology in Global Perspective： Sexual Harassment in Cyberspace ... 183 Shortcomings of Bureaucracies ... 185 Changing Times： Media and Technology： The 5 Percent Factor： Sexual Harassment, Media Style ... 189 Bureaucracy and Oligarchy ... 190 Alternative Forms of Organization ... 190 Organizational Structure in Japan ... 190 Organizations in the Future ... 192 7 Deviance and Crime ... 195 What Is Deviance? ... 197 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Peer Cliques, Youth Gangs, and Deviance? ... 197 Who Defines Deviance? ... 199 What Is Social Control? ... 200 Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance ... 200 What Causes Deviance, and Why Is It Functional for Society? ... 200 Strain Theory： Goals and Means to Achieve Them ... 201 Opportunity Theory： Access to Illegitimate Opportunities ... 203 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance ... 204 Differential Association Theory and Differential Reinforcement Theory ... 204 Rational Choice Theory ... 205 Control Theory： Social Bonding ... 205 Labeling Theory ... 206 Conflict Perspectives on Deviance ... 207 Deviance and Power Relations ... 207 Deviance and Capitalism ... 207 Feminist Approaches ... 209 Approaches Focusing on Race, Class, and Gender ... 209 Postmodernist Perspectives on Deviance ... 210 Crime Classifications and Statistics ... 211 How the Law Classifies Crime ... 211 How Sociologists Classify Crime ... 211 Changing Times： Media and Technology： Portrayals of Youths and Violence in the Media ... 214 Crime Statistics ... 217 Street Crimes and Criminals ... 217 Crime Victims ... 220 The Criminal Justice System ... 221 The Police ... 221 The Courts ... 222 Sociology and Social Policy： Juvenile Offenders and "Equal Justice Under the Law" ... 223 Punishment ... 223 Deviance and Crime in the United States in the Future ... 224 You Can Make a Difference： Combating Delinquency and Crime at an Early Age ... 226 The Global Criminal Economy ... 227 Part 3 Social Inequality 8 Class and Stratification in the United States ... 231 What Is Social Stratification? ... 232 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Wealth, Poverty, and the American Dream? ... 233 Global Systems of Stratification ... 233 Slavery ... 235 The Caste System ... 235 The Class System ... 236 Classical Perspectives on Social Class ... 238 Karl Marx： Relation to the Means of Production ... 238 Max Weber： Wealth, Prestige, and Power ... 239 Sociological Models of the U. S. Class Structure ... 242 The Weberian Model of the U. S. Class Structure ... 242 The Marxian Model of the U. S. Class Structure ... 245 Changing Times： Media and Technology： Depictions of Poverty on Television and in Films ... 246 The New Class Society? ... 249 Inequality in the United States ... 250 Distribution of Income and Wealth ... 250 Consequences of Inequality ... 254 Sociology and Social Policy： Mixed Messages on the Effects of "Welfare Reform" ... 256 Poverty in the United States ... 257 Who Are the Poor? ... 258 Economic and Structural Sources of Poverty ... 259 Solving the Poverty Problem ... 260 Sociological Explanations of Social Inequality in the United States ... 260 Functionalist Perspectives ... 260 Conflict Perspectives ... 261 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives ... 262 Social Stratification in the Future ... 262 You Can Make a Difference： Feeding the Hungry ... 263 9 Global Stratification ... 266 Wealth and Poverty in Global Perspective ... 267 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Global Wealth and Poverty? ... 268 Problems in Studying Global Inequality ... 271 The "Three Worlds" Approach ... 271 The Levels of Development Approach ... 272 Classification of Economies by Income ... 273 Low-Income Economies ... 273 Middle-Income Economies ... 275 Sociology in Global Perspective： Wealth and Poverty in Russia ... 276 High-Income Economies ... 277 Measuring Global Wealth and Poverty ... 277 Absolute, Relative, and Subjective Poverty ... 278 The Gini Coefficient and Global Quality of Life Issues ... 279 Global Poverty and Human Development Issues ... 280 Life Expectancy ... 280 Health ... 281 Education and Literacy ... 281 Persistent Gaps in Human Development ... 282 Slavery in the Global Economy ... 282 Theories of Global Inequality ... 283 Development and Modernization Theory ... 284 Dependency Theory ... 285 Changing Times： Media and Technology： A Wired World? ... 286 World Systems Theory ... 288 The New International Division of Labor Theory ... 290 Global Inequality in the Future ... 291 You Can Make a Difference： Global Networking to Reduce World Hunger and Poverty ... 293 10 Race and Ethnicity ... 296 Race and Ethnicity ... 298 Social Significance of Race and Ethnicity ... 298 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Race, Ethnicity, and Sports? ... 299 Racial Classification and the Meaning of Race ... 300 Majority and Minority Groups ... 302 Prejudice ... 303 Stereotypes ... 303 Racism ... 303 Sociology in Global Perspective： Racial and Ethnic Stacking on Sports Teams ... 304 Theories of Prejudice ... 305 Measuring Prejudice ... 305 Discrimination ... 306 Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations ... 308 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives ... 308 Functionalist Perspectives ... 309 Conflict Perspectives ... 310 An Alternative Perspective： Critical Race Theory ... 312 Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States ... 313 Native Americans ... 313 White Anglo-Saxon Protestants(British Americans) ... 316 African Americans ... 316 White Ethnic Americans ... 320 Asian Americans ... 321 changing Times： Media and Technology： How Heavy Is the Racial Weight of Sports Images? ... 322 Latinos／as (Hispanic Americans) ... 326 Middle Eastern Americans ... 327 Global Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Future ... 328 Worldwide Racial and Ethnic Struggles ... 328 You Can Make a Difference： Working for Racial Harmony ... 329 Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States ... 329 11 Sex and Gender ... 333 Sex and Gender ... 335 Sex ... 335 Gender ... 336 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Body Image and Gender? ... 337 The Social Significance of Gender ... 338 Sexism ... 339 Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective ... 340 Hunting and Gathering Societies ... 340 Horticultural and Pastoral Societies ... 340 Agrarian Societies ... 341 Industrial Societies ... 342 Postindustrial Societies ... 343 Gender and Socialization ... 344 Gender Socialization by Parents ... 345 Changing Times： Media and Technology： Virtual Barbie, Red Jack, and Computerized Genders ... 346 Peers and Gender Socialization ... 347 Teachers, Schools, and Gender Socialization ... 348 Sports and Gender Socialization ... 349 Mass Media and Gender Socialization ... 350 Adult Gender Socialization ... 351 Sociology in Global Perspective： TV-Thin Is "In" from France to the South Pacific Islands ... 352 Contemporary Gender Inequality ... 352 Gendered Division of Paid Work ... 352 Pay Equity(Comparable Worth) ... 353 Paid Work and Family Work ... 356 Perspectives on Gender Stratification ... 357 Functionalist and Neoclassical Economic Perspectives ... 357 Conflict Perspectives ... 358 Feminist Perspectives ... 359 You Can Make a Difference： Joining Organizations to Overcome Sexism and Gender Inequality ... 360 Gender Issues in the Future ... 362 12 Aging and Inequality Based on Age ... 365 The Social Significance of Age ... 366 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Aging and Age-Based Discrimination? ... 367 Trends in Aging ... 368 Age in Historical and Contemporary Perspectives ... 370 Age in Global Perspective ... 370 Hunting and Gathering Societies ... 370 Horticultural, Pastoral, and Agrarian Societies ... 371 Industrial and Postindustrial Societies ... 371 A Case Study： Aging, Gender, and Japanese Society ... 372 Age and the Life Course in Contemporary Society ... 372 Infancy and Childhood ... 373 Adolescence ... 374 Young Adulthood ... 374 Middle Adulthood ... 375 Late Adulthood ... 376 Inequalities Related to Aging ... 378 Ageism ... 378 Changing Times： Media and Technology： Hollywood's Double Standard of Aging： The "Old Boy" Always Gets the "Girl" ... 380 Wealth, Poverty, and Aging ... 380 Age, Gender, and Inequality ... 381 Age and Race／Ethnicity ... 382 Sociology and Social Policy： Facing Old Age in the United States and Japan ... 383 Elder Abuse ... 384 Living Arrangements for Older Adults ... 385 Support Services, Homemaker Services, and Day Care ... 385 Nursing Homes ... 385 Sociological Perspectives on Aging ... 386 Functionalist Perspectives on Aging ... 386 You Can Make a Difference： Finding a Nursing Home for an Older Relative ... 387 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Aging ... 387 Conflict Perspectives on Aging ... 388 Death and Dying ... 389 Aging in the Future ... 390 Part 4 Social Institutions 13 The Economy and Work ... 393 Comparing the Sociology of Economic Life with Economics ... 395 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About the Economy and the World of Work? ... 395 Economic Systems in Global Perspective ... 397 Preindustrial Economies ... 397 Industrial Economies ... 398 Postindustrial Economies ... 399 Changing Times： Media and Technology： On Top of the World, Stuck in Traffic ... 401 Contemporary World Economic Systems ... 402 Capitalism ... 402 Sociology in global Perspective： McJobs： Assembling Burgers in the Global Economy405 Socialism ... 407 Mixed Economies ... 409 Perspectives on Economy and Work in the United States ... 409 Functionalist Perspective ... 409 Conflict Perspective ... 410 Symbolic Interactionist Perspective ... 410 The Social Organization of Work ... 411 Occupations ... 411 Professions ... 412 Managers and the Managed ... 413 The Lower Tier of the Service Sector and Marginal Jobs ... 415 Contingent Work ... 418 Unemployment ... 419 Worker Resistance and Activism ... 420 Labor Unions ... 420 Absenteeism, Sabotage, and Resistance ... 421 Employment Opportunities for Persons with a Disability ... 422 The Global Economy in the Future ... 423 The U. S. Economy ... 423 Global Economic Interdependence and Competition ... 423 You Can Make a Difference： Creating Access to Information Technology for Workers with Disabilities ... 424 14 Politics and Government in Global Perspective ... 428 Politics, Power, and Authority ... 430 Political Science and Political Sociology ... 430 Power and Authority ... 430 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About the Media? ... 431 Ideal Types of Authority ... 431 Political Systems in Global Perspective ... 434 Monarchy ... 435 Authoritarianism ... 436 Totalitarianism ... 436 Democracy ... 436 Perspectives on Power and Political Systems ... 437 Functionalist Perspectives： The Pluralist Model ... 438 Conflict Perspectives： Elite Models ... 440 Critique of Pluralist and Elite Models ... 442 Sociology and Social Policy： Merger Mania： Who's Watching Out for the Public Interest? ... 443 The U. S. Political System ... 444 Political Parties and Elections ... 444 Politics and the People ... 446 Changing Times： Media and Technology： Political Socialization and the Media ... 448 Governmental Bureaucracy ... 448 Characteristics of the Federal Bureaucracy ... 449 The Iron Triangle and the Military-Industrial Complex ... 451 The Military and Militarism ... 454 Explanations for Militarism ... 455 Gender, Race, and the Military ... 455 Politics and Government in the Future ... 456 You Can Make a Difference： Joining the Virtual Community ... 457 15 Families and Intimate Relationships ... 460 Families in Global Perspective ... 462 Sociology and Everyday Life： How Much Do You Know About Contemporary Trends in U. S. Family Life? ... 463 Family Structure and Characteristics ... 463 Marriage Patterns ... 465 Patterns of Descent and Inheritance ... 467 Power and Authority in Families ... 467 Sociology in Global Perspective： Update on Family Life in Japan ... 468 Residential Patterns ... 468 Theoretical Perspectives on Families ... 469 Functionalist Perspectives ... 469 Conflict and Feminist Perspectives ... 471 Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives ... 471 Postmodernist Perspectives ... 472 Developing Intimate Relationships and Establishing Families ... 473 Love and Intimacy ... 474 Cohabitation and Domestic Partnerships ... 475 Marriage ... 476 Housework and Child-Care Responsibilities ... 476 Child-Related Family Issues and Parenting ... 477 Deciding to Have Children ... 478 Changing Times： Media and Technology： The Reproductive Revolution： Who Are My Parents? ... 479 Adoption ... 479 Teenage Pregnancies ... 480 Single-Parent Households ... 481 Two-Parent Households ... 482 Transitions and Problems in Families ... 482 Family Violence ... 482 Divorce ... 483 You Can Make a Difference： Volunteering at a Center for Victims of Domestic Violence ... 484 Remarriage ... 485 Diversity in Families ... 486 Diversity Among Singles ... 486 African American Families ... 488 Latina／o Families ... 488 Asian American Families ... 488 Native American Families ... 489 Biracial Families ... 489 Family Issues in the Future ... 490 16 Education ... 493 An Overvi