CONTENTS Preface ... xi Law Enforcement Code of Ethics ... xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Field Operations(Patrol) ... 1 Introduction ... 1 Objectives of Police Field Operations ... 8 Activities of the Patrol Division ... 18 Private Police Activities ... 37 Distribution of the Patrol Force ... 42 Proactive Versus Reactive Patrol ... 52 Ethics and Integrity ... 56 Civil Liability of the Field Officer ... 57 Criminal Liability of Peace Officers ... 58 Police Officers' Bill of Rights ... 59 Summary ... 62 Exercises and Study Questions ... 63 Endnote ... 64 CHAPTER 2 Community Policing ... 65 Introduction ... 65 Community Policing ... 67 Problem Oriented Policing ... 78 The Field Officer and the Community ... 90 Traditional Community Relations Functions ... 96 Summary ... 100 Exercises and Study Questions ... 101 Endnotes ... 102 CHAPTER 3 Observation and Perception ... 103 Introduction ... 103 Basic Requirements of a Witness ... 104 Factors in Perception ... 107 Descriptions of Persons ... 117 Eyewitness Identification ... 120 Standard Formula for Describing Property ... 127 Detailed Descriptions of Commonly Stolen Items ... 131 Community Policing Considerations ... 139 Summary ... 140 Exercises and Study Questions ... 140 Endnotes ... 142 CHAPTER 4 Police Communications ... 143 Introduction ... 143 Interpersonal Communications ... 144 Essentials for a Police Communications System ... 150 Intra-and Interdepartmental Communications ... 153 External Relationships ... 157 Guidelines for Communications Media ... 158 Guidelines for Radio Operation ... 165 Summary ... 171 Exercises and Study Questions ... 171 Endnote ... 172 CHAPTER 5 Basic Field Procedures ... 173 Introduction ... 173 Patrol Activities ... 174 Types of Police Patrol ... 175 Preparation for Patrol ... 181 Patrolling the District ... 190 District Responsibility ... 200 Inspections on Patrol ... 201 Attractive Nuisances and Patrol Hazards ... 210 Surveillance and Stakeouts ... 211 Specialized Patrol ... 215 Team Policing as a Part of Community Policing ... 219 Summary ... 220 Exercises and Study Questions ... 221 Endnotes ... 222 CHAPTER 6 Frequently Handled Assignments ... 223 Introduction ... 223 The Missing Child ... 224 Missing Adults ... 227 Intoxication Cases ... 229 Civil Disputes ... 230 Crisis Intervention ... 234 Domestic Disputes and Violence ... 236 Landlord-Tenant Disputes ... 240 Mechanic's and Innkeeper's Liens ... 241 Repossession Disputes ... 241 Mentally and Emotionally Disturbed Persons ... 242 Alcoholic Beverage Control, Investigation, and Enforcement ... 246 Abandoned Vehicle Abatement ... 248 Nuisances ... 249 Parades and Special Events ... 249 Fire Scenes ... 250 Rescue and First Aid ... 251 Courtesy Services ... 252 Assisting Public Utilities and Service Agencies ... 254 Handling Animal Calls ... 256 Summary ... 256 Exercises and Study Questions ... 257 Endnotes ... 258 CHAPTER 7 Traffic Direction and Enforcement ... 259 Introduction ... 259 The Police Traffic Function ... 261 Traffic Collision Investigation ... 267 Pursuit and Emergency Vehicle Operation ... 271 Vehicle Stops ... 282 Driving Under the Influence - The DUI or DUBAL ... 292 Summary ... 300 Exercises and Study Questions ... 300 CHAPTER 8 Unusual Occurrences ... 303 Introduction ... 303 Disaster Response ... 304 Unlawful Assembly and Riot Control ... 318 Aircraft Crashes ... 330 Bombs and Bomb Threats ... 332 Hazardous Materials ... 336 Summary ... 336 Exercises and Study Questions ... 337 CHAPTER 9 Crimes in Progress ... 339 Introduction ... 339 In-Progress Communications Procedure ... 341 Field Unit Response ... 343 Tactics by Types of Crimes ... 346 Gang Activity ... 357 General Coordination and Search ... 360 Methods of Cover and Search ... 361 Plainclothes Assistance ... 363 Summary ... 364 Exercises and Study Questions ... 365 Endnotes ... 366 CHAPTER 10 Preliminary Investigations ... 367 Introduction ... 367 Prelude to the Investigation ... 368 Critical Thinking ... 372 The Investigation ... 373 Types of Evidence ... 376 Marking Evidence ... 387 Chain of Evidence Custody ... 387 Photographs ... 389 Videopgraphy ... 390 Accident and Crime Scene Sketching ... 391 Investigation of Specific Crimes ... 394 Summary ... 410 Exercises and Study Questions ... 410 Endnotes ... 412 CHAPTER 11 Interviewing Techniques ... 413 Introduction ... 413 SECTION ONE : Interviewing ... 414 The Art of Interviewing ... 414 Definitions ... 418 Components of the Interview／Interrogation ... 419 General Techniques in Interviewing ... 422 Interviewing the Suspect of a Crime : The Interrogation ... 424 The Question of Voluntariness ... 432 Public Safety Exceptions to Miranda ... 433 SECTION TWO : Field Interviews ... 433 Introduction ... 433 Objectives of the Field Interview ... 434 Legality of the Field Interview ... 436 When to Conduct a Field Interview ... 438 Choosing Subjects for a Field Interview ... 440 Personal Contact-Type Field Interview ... 441 Field Interview Procedure ... 442 Summary ... 447 Exercises and Study Questions ... 448 Endnotes ... 449 CHAPTER 12 Arrest, Search, Custody, and Use of Force ... 451 Introduction ... 451 Laws of Arrest ... 452 What Constitutes an Arrest? ... 455 Arrest Procedures ... 456 Rules of Self-Defense ... 462 Choice of Weapons ... 465 Use of Firearms ... 469 Diplomatic Immunity ... 476 Entrapment ... 477 Investigative Detention ... 479 Searching Techniques ... 480 Prisoner Control and Transportation ... 491 Summary ... 495 Exercises and Study Questions ... 495 Endnotes ... 496 CHAPTER 13 Reporting and Records ... 498 Introduction ... 498 SECTION ONE : Field Notetaking and Crime Scene Recording ... 499 Introduction ... 499 What Constitutes Field Notes? ... 499 Notetaking ... 499 SECTION TWO : Report Writing ... 510 Introduction ... 510 Chain of Custody ... 513 Purposes for Police Reports ... 514 Preparation of Reports ... 516 Construction of the Report ... 520 The Miscellaneous Incident Report ... 526 The Arrest Report ... 527 The Crime Report ... 528 Special Reports ... 532 Discussion ... 532 SECTION THREE : Getting the Most Out of Records ... 534 Introduction ... 534 Uses of Records ... 534 Basic Records and Their Uses ... 535 How to Use the Files ... 538 Summary ... 540 Exercises and Study Questions ... 540 Endnote ... 542 CHAPTER 14 Officer Survival and Stress Reduction ... 543 Introduction ... 543 Officer Survival ... 544 Causes of Stress and Responses ... 547 Dealing with Stress ... 555 Critical Incident Debriefing ... 555 Summary ... 556 Exercises and Study Questions ... 557 Suggested Readings ... 558 Index ... 561