CONTENTS Part Ⅰ Introduction Chapter 1 A Framework for Analyzing Collective Bargaining and Industrial Relations ... 2 The Participants ... 2 Assumptions about Labor and Conflict ... 3 The Three Levels of Industrial Relations Activity ... 4 The Institutional Perspective ... 5 The Performance of Collective Bargaining ... 7 The Plan of the Book ... 8 Chapter 2 The Historical Evolution of the U.S. Industrial Relations System ... 17 The Colonial and Preindustrial Era ... 17 Early Unionism ... 19 The Need for National Unions ... 26 The Rise of the AFL ... 30 The Evolution of Management in Industrial Relations ... 31 The Rise of Industrial Unionism ... 34 The New Deal Labor Policy ... 36 The Post-World War 11 Evolution of the New Deal System ... 39 Chapter 3 The Legal Regulation of Unions and Collective Bargaining ... 49 The Conspiracy Doctrine ... 49 Legislation Granting Rights to Collective Bargaining ... 52 The National Labor Relations Act ... 54 The Taft-Hartley Act ... 59 The Landrum-Griffin Act ... 60 The Value of Collective Bargaining ... 61 Public Sector Labor Law ... 63 Employment at Will ... 63 Direct Regulation of Employment Conditions ... 65 Important Administrative Agencies ... 69 Chapter 4 The Role of the Environment ... 73 A Conceptual Framework to Analyze the Environment ... 73 Bargaining Power ... 74 The Economic Context ... 75 The Legal and Public Policy Context ... 84 The Demographic Context ... 87 The Social Context ... 92 The Technological Context ... 93 Recent Environmental Pressures on Collective Bargaining ... 95 Part Ⅱ The Strategic Level of Industrial Relations and Structures for Collective Bargaining Chapter 5 Management Strategies and Structures for Collective Bargaining ... 102 Management's Strategic Choices-Theoretical Considerations ... 102 Alternative Industrial Relations Systems ... 103 Management Attitudes toward Unionization ... 107 Management Structures for Collective Bargaining ... 111 Chapter 6 Union Strategies and Structures for Representing Workers ... 116 Unions and Politics ... 116 Union Growth and Membership Characteristics ... 118 Models of Union Growth ... 123 Explanations of Recent Union Declines ... 125 Union Structures for Collective Bargaining ... 128 Part Ⅲ The Functional Level of Industrial Relations Chapter 7 Union Organizing and Bargaining Structures ... 142 Union Organizing ... 142 Nontraditional Union Organizing Tactics ... 154 Bargaining Structure ... 160 Determinants of Bargaining Structures ... 162 Pattern Bargaining ... 167 Chapter 8 The Negotiations Process and Strikes ... 175 The Four Subprocesses of Negotiations ... 176 Management's Wage Objectives in Negotiations ... 181 The Dynamics of Management's Decision-Making Process ... 183 Union and Worker Involvement in Negotiations ... 187 The Cycle of Traditional Negotiations ... 189 Strikes ... 193 Strike Activity ... 196 The Role of Strategy in Negotiations and Strikes ... 204 Chapter 9 Dispute Resolution Procedures ... 212 Mediation ... 212 Fact-Finding ... 224 Interest Arbitration ... 225 Nontraditional Dispute Resolution ... 231 Key Organizations and Agencies Involved in Impasse Resolution ... 232 Chapter 10 Contract Terms and Employment Outcomes ... 235 Tracing the Effects of Union Wage Increases ... 235 Union Effects on Employment Conditions ... 237 Union Effects on Wage Administration ... 242 Union Effects on Fringe Benefits ... 243 Union Effects on Work Rules ... 245 Management's Response to Work Rules ... 253 Part Ⅳ The Workplace Level of Industrial Relations Chapter 11 Administering the Employment Relationship ... 268 The Grievance Procedure ... 268 The Historical Evolution of Grievance Arbitration ... 271 The Functions of Grievance Procedures and Arbitration ... 275 How Arbitration Works ... 277 The Connections between Grievance Procedures and Other Aspects of the Labor-Management Relationship ... 280 Evaluating the Performance of the Grievance System ... 283 The Duty of Fair Representation ... 285 Responsiveness to Labor and Employment Laws ... 297 Alternatives to the Grievance Procedure in the Union Sector ... 288 Confiict Resolution in Nonunion Settings ... 291 Should Due Process Be Mandated by Federal Law? ... 294 Chapter 12 Participatory Processes ... 298 The Evolution of Worker and Union Participation ... 298 The Links between Teamwork, Participation, and Work Restructuring ... 305 The Debate Surrounding Participatory Programs ... 312 Assessing the Effects of Participatory Processes ... 315 Part Ⅴ Special Topics Chapter 13 Collective Bargaining in the Public Sector ... 326 The Evolution of Public Sector Collective Bargaining ... 326 The Legal Regulation of Public Sector Unionism ... 330 Differences in the Bargaining Process between the Public and Private Sectors ... 334 Public Sector Bargaining Structures ... 337 Management Structure in the Public Sector ... 339 The Effects of Public Sector Bargaining on Outcomes ... 342 The Use of Interest Arbitration ... 344 Participatory Programs and Work Restructuring in Public School~ ... 346 Normative Premises ... 352 Chapter 14 International and Comparative Industrial Relations ... 358 Industrial Relations in Germany ... 359 Industrial Relations in Japan ... 365 Industrial Relations in Multinational Firms ... 368 NAFTA ... 373 The European Union ... 375 Industrial Relations in Developing Countries ... 378 Should the U.S. Import Industrial Relations Practices from Abroad? ... 382 Chapter 15 The Future of U.S. Labor Policy and Industrial Relations ... 389 The History of Government-Promoted Labor-Management Dialogue ... 391 Alternative Directions for Future National Labor Policy ... 395 Appendixes Appendix A Private Sector Mock Bargaining Exercise 405 Bargaining between D. G. Barnhouse Co., Inc., and the United Metal Products Workers ... 405 Collective Bargaining Agreement ... 408 Background Data ... 416 Appendix B Public Sector Mock Bargaining Exercise ... 425 Bargaining between Queen City, New York, and the Queen City Police Association(Ind.) ... 425 Background Data ... 432 Agreement between Queen City, New York, and the Queen City Police Association ... 434 Appendix C Grievance Arbitration Exercises ... 441 Case 1: In the Matter of Arbitration between International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Local 4000, and ABC Wire Making Company ... 441 Case 2: In the Matter of Arbitration between American Federation of Teachers Union, Local 3000, and Homer City School System ... 442 Case 3: In the Matter of Arbitration between Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. and Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International Union, Local 6-75 ... 445 Case 4: Productivity Bargaining for Meter Readers: A Mediation / Arbitration Process ... 447 Glossary ... 451 Indexes Name Index ... 467 Subject Index ... 471