CONTENTS Contributors ... ⅹ Acknowledgements ... xii Introduction / J.H. BURNS ... 1 Ⅰ Renaissance and Counter-Renaissance 1 Humanism and political theory / ANTHONY GRAFTON ... 9 ⅰ Scholarship and power : a problematic partnership ... 9 ⅱDictators and philologists ... 10 ⅲ Humanism in the service of the city-state ... 12 ⅳCivil humanism and its rivals ... 15 ⅴ The topics of humanist political discourse ... 20 2 Italian political thought, 1450-1530 / NICOLAI RUBINSTEIN ... 30 ⅰ Monarchies and republics, 1450-1500 ... 30 ⅱ A new epoch : Machiavelli ... 41 ⅲ Florence and Venice : Guicciardini ... 58 3 Law / DONALD R. KELLEY ... 66 ⅰ The old legal heritage ... 66 ⅱ Civil science in the Renaissance ... 70 ⅲ Humanism and jurisprudence ... 75 ⅳ The French school ... 78 ⅴ Rivals to Romanism ... 81 ⅵ Custom and the law of nations ... 84 ⅶ Rational jurisprudence ... 86 ⅷ The new legal heritage ... 90 4 Transalpine humanism / BRENDAN BRADSHAW ... 95 ⅰ Renaissance eloquence : rhetoric and philosophy ... 95 ⅱ The renaissance of politics ... 98 ⅲ Humanitas and the imago Die ... 101 ⅳ Political Wisdom ... 106 ⅴ Humanitas and Christian commonwealth ... 114 5 Scholasticism : survival and revival / J.H. BURNS ... 132 ⅰ Schoolmen and schools of thought ... 135 ⅱ Lordship, rights, and society ... 140 ⅲ Conciliarists and papalists ... 146 Ⅱ Religion, civil government, and the debate on constitutions 6 Christian obedience and authority, 1520-1550 / FRANCIS OAKLEY ... 159 ⅰ Theological and canonistic fundamentals ... 160 ⅱ Luther and early German Lutheranism ... 163 ⅲ The lutheran diaspora and the emergence of the royal supremacy ... 175 ⅳ Zwingli, Bucer, the young Calvin, and the Reformed tradition ... 182 ⅴ The radicals of the Reformation ... 187 7 Calvinism and resistance theory, 1550-1580 / ROBERT M. KINGDON ... 193 ⅰ Knox and the anti-Marian resistance ... 194 ⅱ The development of Lutheran sesistance theory ... 200 ⅲ The Calvinist inheritance from the Schmalkaldic war : Peter Martyr Vermigli ... 203 ⅳ The Huguenots and the French wars of religion ... 206 ⅴ The deposition of Mary Stuart ... 214 8 Catholic resistance theory, Ultramontanism, and the royalist response, 1580-1620 / J.H.M. SALMON ... 219 ⅰ Patterns of controversy ... 219 ⅱ The Catholic League ... 221 ⅲ Callicanism ... 231 ⅳ Politique royalism ... 233 ⅴ Jesuits and Ultramontances ... 236 ⅵ English Catholicism ... 241 ⅶ The defence of Anglicanism ... 244 ⅷ James I, the oath of allegiance, the Venetian interdict, and the reappearance of French Ultramontanism ... 247 9 Constitutionalism / HOWELL A. LLOYD ... 254 ⅰ The idea of constitutionalism ... 254 ⅱ The origins and end of political society ... 258 ⅲ Custom and the rule of law ... 264 ⅳ Mixed constitution or mixed government ... 273 ⅴ England : Hooker ... 279 ⅵ France : Coquille ... 283 ⅶ The Neherlands : Althusius ... 287 ⅷ Spain : Su a rex ... 292 10 Sovereignty and the mixed constitution : Bodin and his critics / JULIAN H. FRANKLIN ... 298 ⅰ Bodins doctrine and its limitations ... 299 ⅱ The question of sovereignty in the constitution of the German Empire ... 309 ⅲ Besold and the mixed constitution ... 323 11 Utopianism / J.C. DAVIS ... 329 ⅰ Christian social morality and the best state ... 329 ⅱ Holy experiments in a fallen world ... 335 Ⅲ Absolutism and revolution in the seventeenth century 12 Absolutism and royalism / J.P. SOMMERVILLE ... 347 ⅰ The meaning of absolutism ... 347 ⅱ Sovereignty and monarchy ... 350 ⅲ Patriarchalism ... 358 ⅳ Contract, conquest, and usurpation ... 361 ⅴ The limits of absolutism ... 367 13 England : ancient constitution and common law / CORINNE C. WESTON ... 374 ⅰ The common law mind and the ancient constitution ... 375 ⅱ Coordination and the royalist response ... 396 ⅲ History and sovereignty in the Exclusion Crisis ... 404 14 Leveller democracy and the Puritan Revolution / DAVID WOOTTON ... 412 ⅰ The Leveller movement ... 412 ⅱ Puritans and revolutionaries ... 416 ⅲ The Levellers and the constitution ... 426 ⅳ Free grace and toleration ... 434 15 English republicanism / BLAIR BURKE ... 443 ⅰ Sources and resources ... 443 ⅱ Writers and writings ... 449 ⅲ The Machiavellian tradition ... 464 Ⅳ The end Aristotelianism 16 Tacitism, scepticism, and reason of state / PETER BURKE ... 479 ⅰ Reason of state ... 479 ⅱ Tacitism ... 484 ⅲ Stocis and sceptics ... 491 17 Grotius and Selden / RICHARD TUCK ... 499 ⅰ The context of Grotius career ... 499 ⅱ Dutch republicanism and the transition to natural law ... 503 ⅲ The Arminians and the problem of religious toleration ... 509 ⅳ Grotius Of the Law of War and Peace ... 514 ⅴ Selden ... 522 18 Hobbes and Spinoza / NOEL MALCOLM ... 530 ⅰ Hobbes ... 530 ⅱ Spinoza ... 545 Ⅴ Natural law and utility 19 Pufendorf / ALFRED DUFOUR ... 561 ⅰ The philosophical bases of Pufendorfs thought ... 563 ⅱ The background law : anti-realism and voluntarism ... 567 ⅲ The foundations of the state ... 570 ⅳ The doctrine of sovereignty ... 574 ⅴ The state in history ... 579 20 The reception of Hobbe / MARK GOLDIE ... 589 ⅰ The polemic against Hobbes : the theological premises ... 589 ⅱ Sovereignty and constitutionalism ... 594 ⅲ Contract and the limits of obligation ... 602 ⅳ Ethical relativism and sceptical politics ... 606 ⅴ Eratianism, toleration, and the power of the church ... 610 21 Locke / JAMES TULLY ... 616 ⅰ Government ... 616 ⅱ Political power ... 619 ⅲ The origin of political power ... 622 ⅳ Public good and natural law ... 625 ⅴ Mutual subjection ... 629 ⅵ Revolution ... 635 ⅶ Toleration ... 642 Conclusion / J.H. BURNS ... 653 Biographies ... 657 Bibliography ... 703 General works ... 704 Ⅰ Renaissance and Counter-Renaissance ... 706 Ⅱ Religion, civil government, and the debate on constitutions ... 724 Ⅲ Absolutism and revolution in the seventeenth century ... 744 Ⅳ The end of Aristotelianism ... 758 Ⅴ Natural law and utility ... 765 Index of names of persons ... 777 Index of subjects ... 789