CONTENTS Acknowledgements ... ⅸ Introduction ... ⅹ Part Ⅰ Challenging Liberal Justice ... 1 1 Justice in the Liberal Tradition ... 3 The emergence of the liberal agenda ... 6 The morality of reason ... 9 The greatest good ... 13 Fairness and impartiality ... 18 Liberalism and punishment ... 23 Consequentialist theories of punishment ... 24 Liberal retributivist approaches ... 27 Threats to security ... 32 Conclusion ... 36 2 Risk and the Politics of Safety : Justice Endangered ... 40 The 'risk society' thesis ... 43 Risk and criminal justice ... 45 Risk, blame and the end of solidarity ... 51 Risk, insurance and governmentality ... 53 Risk and sovereignty ... 57 Explaining the move from risk management to risk control ... 60 Risk and justice ... 67 Risk society and liberal security concerns ... 70 Conclusion ... 73 3 The Communitarian Challenge ... 78 The emergence of a politics of community ... 79 Community as moral resource ... 84 Community justice ... 85 Critical communitarianism ... 91 Communitarian constructivism ... 94 The value of community ... 96 Membership, power and rights ... 103 Conclusion ... 106 4 Identity and Difference : Feminist and Postmodernist Critiques of Liberalism ... 109 Liberal feminism ... 111 Rights, equality and identity ... 116 Discourse ethics : the encounter with the concrete other ... 123 The contingent subject ; universalism without guarantees ... 129 Feminist legal theory and the problem of essentialism ... 138 Conclusion ... 141 Part Ⅱ Reaffirming Justice ... 145 5 Reaffirming modernity : Habermas and discourse ethics ... 147 Background : Habermas and the Frankfurt School ... 148 The development of discourse ethics : (1) consensus and truth ... 151 The development of discourse ethics : (2) discourse and universality ... 154 Assessment and critique ... 157 Law and democracy : Habermas's recent work ... 162 Does Between Facts and Norms meet earlier critiques of Habermas's discourse theory? ... 165 Legitimacy and the risk society ... 169 Habermas's argument with post-structuralism ... 170 Conclusion : Habermas and criminal justice ... 174 6 Giving Difference its Due : Discourse and Alterity ... 178 Liberalism and the expulsion of difference ... 180 Law's violence ... 185 Justice and the ethics of alterity ... 191 Lyotard : justice and the multiplicity of discourses ... 197 Conclusion : postmodernism and the possibilities of justice ... 200 7 Doing Justice in the Risk Society ... 203 Justice and risk ... 203 Liberal justice and its critics ... 204 Discourse and community ... 207 The importance of human rights ... 213 Human rights : conditional or inalienable ... 213 Defending human rights : rights, discourse and community ... 220 References ... 227 Index ... 245