CONTENTS List of illustrations ... ⅹ Acknowledgements ... xii Introduction / David R. Hall ; Ann Hewings ... 1 PART ONE Directions in curriculum change 1 THE ESSENTIALS OF A COMMUNICATIVE CURRICULUM IN LANGUAGE TEACHING / Michael P. Breen ; Christopher N. Candlin ... 9 2 MANAGING THE LEARNING PROCESS / David Nunan ; Clarice Lamb ... 27 3 LEXIS IN THE SYLLABUS / Michael Lewis ... 46 4 DESIGNING THE DISCOURSE SYLLABUS / Michael McCarthy ; Ronald Carter ... 55 5 THE USES OF COMPUTERIZED LANGUAGE CORPORA : A REPLY TO RONALD CARTER / Guy Cook ... 64 6 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF DISCIPLINARY VARIATION IN ACADEMIC WRITING : IMPLICATIONS FOR SYLLABUS DESIGN / Ann Hewings ; Martin Hewings ... 71 PART TWO Political and institutional constraints in curriculum development 7 POLITICS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LANGUAGE : THE LINC PROJECT / Ronald Carter ... 87 8 BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND SYLLABUS DESIGN : TOWARDS A WORKABLE BLUEPRINT / Gary M. Jones ... 99 9 WORLD ENGLISHES IN TESOL PROGRAMS : AN INFUSION MODEL OF CURRICULAR INNOVATION / Kimberley Brown ... 108 10 THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION IN LANGUAGE TEACHING / Numa Markee ... 118 11 ADAPTING INDIVIDUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR LARGE CLASSES / Zakia Sarwar ... 127 12 AN EMERGENT LANGUAGE PROGRAM FRAMEWORK : ACTIVELY INVOLVING LEARNERS IN NEEDS ANALYSIS / William Savage ; Graeme Storer ... 137 13 TEACHERS' PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN INTRODUCING THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH IN SOUTH KOREA / Defeng Li ... 149 PART THREE Planning and implementing curriculum change 14 ACHIEVING CULTURAL CONTINUITY IN CURRICULUM INNOVATION / Adrian Holliday ... 169 15 A FRAMEWORK OF COURSE DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES / Kathleen Graves ... 178 16 ACTION RESEARCH IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION / David Nunan ... 197 17 CURRICULUM EVOLUTION IN THE AUSTRALIAN ADULT MIGRANT ENGLISH PROGRAM / Susan Feez ... 208 18 MATERIALS PRODUCTION : THEORY AND PRACTICE / David R. Hall ... 229 19 CALL INNOVATION IN THE ELT CURRICULUM / Simon Sergeant ... 240 PART FOUR Evaluating curriculum change 20 PURPOSES FOR EVALUATION / Pauline Rea-Dickins ; Kevin Germaine ... 253 21 A CASE STUDY OF CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION IN HONG KONG / David R. Carless ... 263 22 DETERMINING SOCIAL PROMINENCE : A METHODOLOGY FOR UNCOVERING GENDER BIAS IN ESL TEXTBOOKS / Joan Lesikin ... 275 Index ... 284