CONTENTS <B><FONT color ... #0000 Preface to First Edition ... ⅴ Preface to Second Edition ... ⅶ Glossary of Plant Species ... xiii Part Ⅰ : NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1. Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients ... 3 2. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots : Short Distance Transport ... 6 2.1 General ... 6 2.2 Pathway of Solutes from the External Solution into the Cells ... 7 2.3 Structure and Composition of Membranes ... 12 2.4 Solute Transport Across Membranes ... 18 2.5 Characteristics of Ion Uptake by Root ... 30 2.6 Uptake of Ions and Water Along the Root Axis ... 63 2.7 Radial Transport of Ions and Water Across the Root ... 65 2.8 Release of Ions into the Xylem ... 70 2.9 Factors Affecting Ion Release into the Xylem and Exudation Rate ... 73 3. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation ... 79 3.1 General ... 79 3.2 Xylem Transport ... 81 3.3 Phloem Transport ... 92 3.4 Relative Importance of Phloem and Xylem for Long-Distance Transport of Mineral Nutrients ... 99 3.5 Remobilization of Mineral Nutrients ... 107 4. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts ... 116 4.1 Uptake and Release of Gases and Other Volatile Compounds through Stomata ... 116 4.2 Uptake of Solutes ... 119 4.3 Foliar Application of Mineral Nutrients ... 123 4.4 Leaching of Mineral Elements From Leaves ... 128 5. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships ... 131 5.1 General ... 131 5.2 Photosynthesis and Related Processes ... 131 5.3 Respiration and Oxidative Phosphorylation ... 142 5.4 Phloem Transport of Assimilates and its Regulation ... 144 5.5 Shift in the Sink-Source Relationship ... 152 5.6 Role of Phytohormones in the Regulation of Sink-Source Relationships ... 157 5.7 Source and Sink Limitations on Growth Rate and Yield ... 176 6. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response ... 184 6.1 General ... 184 6.2 Leaf Area Index and Net Photosynthesis ... 186 6.3 Mineral Nutrient Supply, Sink Formation, and Sink Activity ... 190 6.4 Mineral Nutrition and the Sink-Source Relationships ... 196 7. Nitrogen Fixation ... 201 7.1 General ... 201 7.2 Biological Nitrogen-Fixing Systems ... 201 7.3 Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation ... 203 7.4 Symbiotic Systems ... 205 7.5 Amounts of Nitrogen Fixed in Symbiotic Systems, and Transfer in Mixed Stands ... 221 7.6 Free-Living and Associative Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms ... 222 7.7 Outlook ... 228 8. Functions of Mineral Nutrients ： Macronutrients ... 229 8.1 Classification and Principles of Actions of Mineral Nutrients ... 229 8.2 Nitrogen ... 231 8.3 Sulfur ... 255 8.4 Phosphorus ... 265 8.5 Magnesium ... 277 8.6 Calcium ... 285 8.7 Potassium ... 299 9. Functions of Mineral Nutrients ： Micronutrients ... 313 9.1 Iron ... 313 9.2 Manganese ... 324 9.3 Copper ... 333 9.4 Zinc ... 347 9.5 Nickel ... 364 9.6 Molybdenum ... 369 9.7 Boron ... 379 9.8 Chlorine ... 396 10. Beneficial Mineral Elements ... 405 10.1 Definition ... 405 10.2 Sodium ... 405 10.3 Silicon ... 417 10.4 Cobalt ... 426 10.5 Selenium ... 430 10.6 Aluminum ... 433 10.7 Other Mineral Elements ... 434 11. Relationships between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests ... 436 11.1 General ... 436 11.2 Fungal Diseases ... 438 11.3 Bacterial and Viral Diseases ... 449 11.4 Soilborne Fungal and Bacterial Diseases ... 451 11.5 Pests ... 454 11.6 Direct and Indirect Effects of Fertilizer Application on Diseases and Pests ... 457 12. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients ... 461 12.1 Nutrient Supply and Growth Response ... 461 12.2 Diagnosis of Nutritional Disorders by Visible Symptoms ... 462 12.3 Plant Analysis ... 463 12.4 Histochemical and Biochemical Methods ... 477 12.5 Plant Analysis versus Soil Analysis ... 478 PartⅡ : PLANT-SOIL RELATIONSHIPS 13. Nutrient Availability in Soils ... 483 13.1 Chemical Soil Analysis ... 483 13.2 Movement of Nutrients to the Root Surface ... 483 13.3 Role of Root Density ... 498 13.4 Nutrient Availability and Distribution of Water in Soils ... 500 13.5 Role of Soil Structure ... 503 13.6 Intensity : Quantity Ratio, Plant Factors, and Consequences for Soil Testing ... 505 14. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development ... 508 14.1 General ... 508 14.2 Carbohydrate Supply ... 509 14.3 Root Morphology, Hormonal Interactions ... 510 14.4 Soil Chemical Factors ... 513 14.5 Rhizosphere Microorganisms ... 525 14.6 Soil Physical Factors ... 527 14.7 Shoot ／Root Ratio ... 535 15. The Soil-Root Interface(Rhizosphere)in Relation to Mineral Nutrition ... 537 15.1 General ... 537 15.2 Ion Concentration in the Rhizosphere ... 537 15.3 Rhizosphere pH and Redox Potential ... 541 15.4 Rhizodeposition and Root Exudates ... 547 15.5 Noninfecting Rhizosphere Microorganisms ... 561 15.6 Mycorrhizas ... 566 15.7 Role of Mycorrhizas in Mineral Nutrition of Their Host Plant ... 574 15.8 Role of Mycorrhizas in Heavy Metal Tolerance ... 585 15.9 Mycorrhizal Responsiveness ... 587 15.10 Other Mycorrhizal Effects ... 590 15.11 Mycorrhizas : Practical Implications ... 594 16. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions ... 596 16.1 Natural Vegetation ... 596 16.2 High-Input versus Low-Input Approach ... 598 16.3 Acid Mineral Soils ... 605 16.4 Waterlogged and Flooded Soils ... 626 16.5 Alkaline Soils ... 641 16.6 Saline Soils ... 657 Referances ... 681 Index ... 862