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CONTENTS
List of Exercises ... xi
Preface ... xiii
1 Group Dynamics ... 3
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 3
The Importance of Groups ... 4
What Is a Group? ... 12
The Fiel...
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CONTENTS
List of Exercises ... xi
Preface ... xiii
1 Group Dynamics ... 3
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 3
The Importance of Groups ... 4
What Is a Group? ... 12
The Field of Group Dynamics ... 14
Group Structure ... 17
The Development of Groups over Time ... 22
Effective Groups and Effective Group Skills ... 23
Kurt Lewin and the Field of Group Dynamics ... 29
The Nature of This Book and I Iow to Use It ... 33
Keeping a Personal Journal ... 37
Learning Contract ... 37
Your Skill Level ... 38
Summary ... 39
2 Experiential Learning ... 41
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 41
Procedural Learning ... 42
Action Theories ... 43
Gaining Expertise Through Experiential Learning ... 44
Learning Group Skills ... 48
Experiential Learning and Motivation ... 50
Role Playing ... 51
Process Observation ... 52
Conducting Skill-Training Exercises ... 54
Ethics of Experiential Learning ... 58
Summary ... 60
3 Group Goals and Social Interdependence ... 63
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 63
Introduction ... 64
What Is a Goal? ... 66
Group Goals and Social Interdependence Among Members ... 89
Outcomes of Social Interdependence ... 94
Reciprocal Relationships Among the Three Outcomes ... 103
Other Ways to Achieve Cooperative Interdependence ... 107
Goal Structures and the Allocation of Rewards Among Group Members ... 109
Social Interdependence and the Real World ... 112
Developing and Maintaining Trust ... 119
Summary ... 127
4 Communication Within Groups ... 129
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 129
Introduction and Definitions ... 130
Effective Interpersonal Communication ... 133
Communicating Information in a Problem-Solving Group ... 145
Patterns of Communication Among Group Members ... 146
Effects of Competition on Communication ... 146
Physical Barriers to Communication ... 148
Communication Within an Authority Hierarchy ... 155
Informal Communication Networks and Opinion Leaders ... 158
Effects on the Message of a One-Way Communication Procedure ... 158
Communication Structures and Networks ... 162
Seating Arrangements ... 163
Taking a Survey ... 164
Improving Communication Among Group Members ... 164
Summary ... 165
5 Leadership ... 167
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 167
What Is Leadership? ... 168
Trait Theories of Leadership ... 172
Leadership Styles ... 178
The Influence Theory of Leadership ... 180
Role Position/Group Structure Approach to Leadership ... 182
Situational Theories of Leadership ... 186
Vroom and Yetton's Normative Model of Leadership ... 196
Organizational Leadership ... 197
What If You Do Not Want to Be a Leader? ... 203
Summary ... 217
6 Decision Making ... 219
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 219
Making Effective Decisions ... 220
Individual Versus Group Decision Making ... 223
Methods of Decision Making ... 237
Factors Enhancing Effective Group Decision Making ... 245
Factors Hindering Effective Group Decision Making ... 251
Approaches to Decision Making ... 267
Considered and Thoughtful Decision Making ... 269
Problems with the Theorizing on Decision Making ... 277
Summary ... 283
7 Controversy and Creativity ... 285
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 285
Controversy and Decision Making ... 289
The Steps of Structured Controversy ... 290
The Avoidance of Controversy ... 293
Experts and Group Decision Making ... 294
Outcomes of Controversy ... 304
Process of Controversy ... 306
Conditions Determining the Constructiveness of Controversy ... 309
Guidelines for Constructive Controversy ... 312
Creativity ... 317
Developing and Fostering Creativity ... 320
Open Versus Closed Belief Systems ... 323
Brainstorming ... 324
Summary ... 329
8 Conflicts of Interest ... 331
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 331
What Are Conflicts of Interest? ... 333
Conflict Strategies: What Are You Like? ... 336
Deciding How to Negotiate ... 337
Conflicts of Interest: Avoid or Resolve? ... 346
Promoting Negotiations ... 347
Steps in Negotiating Resolutions of Conflicts of Interest ... 352
Negotiating Conflicts of Interest: A Checklist for a Problem-Solving Strategy ... 369
Forcing: The Win-Lose Negotiating Strategy ... 370
Negotiating Conflicts of Interest: A Checklist for a Win-Lose Strategy ... 372
Intergroup Conflict ... 380
Three Basic Traps ... 383
Cross-Ethnic Conflict ... 383
Intergroup Conflict and Superordinate Goals ... 387
Third-Party Mediation ... 390
Summary ... 391
9 The Use of Power ... 393
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 393
Introduction ... 394
The Trait-Factor Approach to Influence ... 396
The Dynamic Interdependence View of Influence ... 399
A Definition of Power and Influence ... 401
Aversion to the Use of Direct Influence ... 402
The Bases of Power ... 406
Power and Problem Solving ... 410
Unequal Power ... 414
Power and Conflict ... 418
Group Norms ... 425
The Group Mind ... 429
Summary ... 432
10 Dealing with Diversity ... 435
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 435
Introduction ... 436
Diversity and Interdependence ... 437
Group Composition and Performance on Tasks ... 439
Barriers to Interacting with Diverse Peers ... 445
Making Diversity Among Members a Strength ... 447
Summary ... 453
11 Leading Learning and Discussion Groups ... 461
The Nature of Learning Groups ... 462
The Stages of Development of Learning Groups ... 463
Change of Ownership from Coordinator to Group Members ... 469
Basic Procedures for Structuring Discussion Groups ... 469
The Coordinator's Role: Final Notes ... 475
12 Leading Growth and Counseling Groups ... 479
Introduction ... 480
The Social-Skills Basis of Personal Growth ... 480
The Unique Powers of Group Experiences ... 481
Events That Promote Participant Change ... 483
Establishing the Goals of a Growth Group ... 486
Leading a Growth Group ... 488
Becoming a Facilitator ... 494
Feelings, Intuition, and Conceptual Frameworks ... 495
Growth Groups and Participant Anxiety ... 498
13 Team Development, Team Training ... 501
Basic Concepts to Be Covered in This Chapter ... 501
Introduction ... 502
What Is a Team? ... 502
Types of Teams ... 505
Organizational Context ... 507
Building Productive Teams ... 513
Research on Team Effectiveness ... 517
Forming, Structuring, and Nurturing Teams ... 518
Use of Teams in Training Programs ... 523
Team Building ... 523
Assessing Quality of Work ... 524
Total Quality Management ... 533
Dealing with Problem Behaviors in Teams ... 536
Summary ... 538
Epilogue ... 541
Appendix: Answers ... 545
Glossary ... 561
References ... 571
Index ... 593
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