목차 일부
CONTENTS
PREFACE ... xv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to <B><FONT color ... #0000
1.1 Introduction ... 2
1.2 The phenomenon of tourism ... 2
1.2.1 Definition of tourism ...
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목차 전체
CONTENTS
PREFACE ... xv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to <B><FONT color ... #0000
1.1 Introduction ... 2
1.2 The phenomenon of tourism ... 2
1.2.1 Definition of tourism ... 2
1.2.2 The importance of tourism ... 3
1.3 Tourism as an academic field of study ... 4
1.3.1 Obstacles to development ... 4
1.3.2 A sequence of tourism platforms ... 7
1.3.3 Further indications of development ... 9
1.3.4 Universities and community colleges ... 13
1.4 The need for a new textbook ... 14
1.4.1 Audience ... 14
1.4.2 Underlying themes ... 14
1.5 Chapter outline and rationale ... 16
1.6 Chapter structure ... 17
Chapter review ... 18
Summary of key terms ... 18
Questions ... 20
Exercises ... 20
Further reading ... 21
Chapter 2 The tourism system ... 22
2.1 Introduction ... 23
2.2. A systems approach to tourism ... 23
2.2.1 The basic whole tourism system ... 23
2.3 The tourist ... 25
2.3.1 Spatial component ... 26
2.3.2 Temporal component ... 27
2.3.3 Travel purpose ... 29
2.3.4 Major tourist categories ... 33
2.3.5 Definition and data problems ... 35
2.4 Origin region ... 38
2.4.1 Origin community ... 38
2.4.2 Origin government ... 39
2.5 Transit region ... 40
2.5.1 Management implications of transit regions ... 41
2.5.2 Effects of technology ... 42
2.6 Destination region ... 44
2.6.1 Destination communities ... 46
2.6.2 Destination governments ... 46
2.7 The tourism industry ... 47
Chapter review ... 48
Summary of key terms ... 49
Questions ... 50
Exercises ... 50
Further reading ... 51
Case study ... 52
Chapter 3 The evolution and growth of tourism ... 55
3.1 Introduction ... 56
3.2 Pre-modern tourism ... 56
3.2.1 Mesopotamia ... 56
3.2.2 Egypt and the Indus Valley ... 57
3.2.3 Ancient Greece ... 57
3.2.4 Ancient Rome ... 58
3.2.5 The Dark Ages(c.500-1100) ... 59
3.2.6 The Middle Ages(c.1100-1500) ... 60
3.3 Early modern tourism(1500-1950) ... 61
3.3.1 The Grand Tour ... 61
3.3.2 Spa resorts ... 62
3.3.3 Seaside resorts ... 63
3.3.4 Thomas Cook ... 64
3.3.5 The post-Cook period(1800-1950) ... 67
3.4 Modern mass tourism(1950 onwards) ... 67
3.4.1 The world's biggest industry? ... 69
3.5 Factors associated with increased tourism demand ... 69
3.5.1 Economics factors ... 69
3.5.2 Social factors ... 73
3.5.3 Demographic factors ... 75
3.5.4 Technological factors ... 79
3.5.5 Political factors ... 81
3.6 Australian tourism participation ... 82
3.7 Future growth prospects ... 84
Chapter-review ... 85
Summary of key terms ... 86
Questions ... 88
Exercises ... 89
Further reading ... 89
Case study ... 90
Chapter 4 Destinations ... 92
4.1 Introduction ... 93
4.2 Global destination patterns : MDCs and LDCs ... 93
4.2.1 Tourism market share and growth ... 94
4.2.2 Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs as destinations ... 94
4.3 Pull factors influencing a destination ... 97
4.3.1 Geographical proximity to markets ... 98
4.3.2 Accessibility to markets ... 99
4.3.3. Availability of attractions ... 101
4.3.4 Cultural inks ... 104
4.3.5 Availability of services ... 105
4.3.6 Affordability ... 105
4.3.7 Peace and stability ... 107
4.3.8 Positive market image ... 109
4.3.9 Pro-tourism polices ... 110
4.4 Regional destination patterns ... 110
4.4.1 Europe ... 111
4.4.2 The Americas ... 113
4.4.3 East Africa/Pacific ... 115
4.4.4 Africa ... 116
4.4.5 The Middle East ... 116
4.4.6 South Asia ... 116
4.4.7 Australia ... 117
4.5 Internal destination patterns ... 119
4.5.1 The Australian pattern ... 121
Chapter review ... 123
Summary of key terms ... 124
Questions ... 125
Exercises ... 126
Further reading ... 127
Case study ... 128
Chapter 5 The tourism product ... 132
5.1 Introduction ... 133
5.2 Tourist attractions ... 133
5.2.1 Natural sites ... 134
5.2.2 Natural events ... 140
5.2.3 Cultural sites ... 141
5.2.4 Cultural events ... 148
5.2.5 Attraction attributes ... 151
5.3 The tourism industry ... 154
5.3.1 Travel agencies ... 154
5.3.2 Transportation ... 155
5.3.3 Accommodation ... 159
5.3.4 Food and beverage outlets ... 162
5.3.5 Tour operators ... 162
5.3.6 Merchandise ... 163
5.3.7 Industry structure ... 164
Chapter review ... 166
Summary of key terms ... 166
Questions ... 168
Exercises ... 169
Further reading ... 169
Case study ... 171
Chapter 6 Tourist markets ... 174
6.1 Introduction ... 175
6.2 Tourist market trends ... 175
6.2.1 The democratisation of travel ... 175
6.2.2 The emergence of simple market segmentation and multilevel segmentation ... 175
6.2.3 Niche markets and 'markets of one' ... 176
6.3 The decision-making process ... 177
6.3.1 The destination selection process ... 178
6.3.2 Multiple decision markets ... 180
6.4 Tourist market segmentation ... 180
6.4.1 Geographical segmentation ... 181
6.4.2 Sociodemographic segmentation ... 185
6.4.3 Psychographic segmentation ... 192
6.4.4 Behavioural segmentation ... 198
Chapter review ... 203
Summary of key terms ... 203
Questions ... 205
Exercises ... 206
Further reading ... 206
Case study ... 207
Chapter 7 Tourism marketing ... 211
7.1 Introduction ... 212
7.2 The nature of marketing ... 212
7.2.1 Definition of marketing ... 212
7.3 Services marketing ... 213
7.3.1 Intangibility ... 213
7.3.2 Inseparability ... 214
7.3.3 Variability ... 214
7.3.4 Perishability ... 215
7.4 Managing supply and demand ... 215
7.4.1 Daily variations in demand ... 216
7.4.2 Weekly variations in demand ... 217
7.4.3 Seasonal variations in demand ... 217
7.4.4 Long-term variations in demand ... 218
7.4.5 Demand/supply matching strategies ... 218
7.5 Market failure ... 223
7.5.1 Marketing functions of NTOs ... 223
7.6 Strategic tourism marketing ... 226
7.6.1 External and internal environments ... 227
7.6.2 SWOT analysis and objectives ... 228
7.6.3 Control/evaluation ... 228
7.7 Marketing mix ... 229
7.7.1 Place ... 229
7.7.2 Product ... 230
7.7.3 People ... 230
7.7.4 Price ... 230
7.7.5 Packaging ... 232
7.7.6 Promotion ... 232
7.8 Customer orientation ... 237
7.8.1 Database marketing ... 238
Chapter review ... 239
Summary of key terms ... 239
Questions ... 241
Exercises ... 242
Further reading ... 242
Case study ... 244
Chapter 8 Economic impacts of tourism ... 247
8.1 Introduction ... 248
8.2 Economic benefits ... 248
8.2.1 Direct revenue ... 248
8.2.2 Indirect revenue ... 254
8.2.3 Economic integration and diversification ... 256
8.2.4 Employment(direct and indirect) ... 256
8.2.5 Regional development ... 257
8.2.6 Growth potential ... 260
8.2.7 Formal and informal sectors ... 261
8.3 Economic costs ... 263
8.3.1 Direct financial costs ... 263
8.3.2 Indirect financial costs ... 265
8.3.3 Fluctuations in intake ... 266
8.3.4 Competition with other sectors ... 271
8.3.5 Employment problems ... 272
Chapter review ... 273
Summary of key terms ... 274
Questions ... 276
Exercises ... 277
Further reading ... 279
Case study ... 279
Chapter 9 Sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism ... 282
9.1 Introduction ... 283
9.2 Sociocultural benefits ... 283
9.2.1 Promotion of cross-cultural understanding ... 283
9.2.2. Incentive to preserve culture and heritage ... 285
9.2.3 Fostering of social wellbeing and stability ... 285
9.3 Sociocultural costs ... 286
9.3.1 Commodification ... 286
9.3.2 The demonstration effect revisited ... 292
9.3.3 The relationship between tourism and crime ... 293
9.3.4 Factors contributing to the increased likelihood of sociocultural costs ... 294
9.3.5 The irridex ... 298
9.4 Environmental benefits ... 300
9.5 Environmental costs ... 302
9.5.1 Environmental impact sequence ... 303
9.5.2 'Permanent' environmental restructuring ... 304
9.5.3 Generation of waste residuals ... 305
9.5.4 Tourist activities ... 305
9.5.5 Indirect and induced activities ... 306
9.5.6 Management implications of sociocultural and environmental impacts ... 307
Chapter review ... 308
Summary of key terms ... 309
Questions ... 310
Exercises ... 311
Further reading ... 311
Case study ... 313
Chapter 10 Destination development ... 315
10.1 Introduction ... 316
10.2 Destination life cycle ... 316
10.2.1 The Butler sequence ... 317
10.2.2 Critique of the Butler sequence ... 327
10.3 Factors that change the destination life cycle ... 332
10.3.1 Internal-intentional actions ... 332
10.3.2 External-unintentional actions ... 333
10.3.3 Internal-unintentional actions ... 333
10.3.4 External-intentional actions ... 333
10.4 National tourism development ... 336
10.4.1 Spatial diffusion ... 336
10.4.2 Effects of hierarchical diffusion ... 337
10.4.3 Effects of contagious diffusion ... 337
10.4.4 Model of national tourism development ... 338
Chapter review ... 341
Summary of key terms ... 341
Questions ... 343
Exercises ... 344
Further reading ... 344
Case study ... 345
Chapter 11 Sustainable tourism ... 348
11.1 Introduction ... 349
11.2 A paradigm shift? ... 349
11.2.1 Dominant western environmental paradigm ... 349
11.2.2 Contradictions in the dominant western environmental paradigm ... 350
11.2.3 Towards a green paradigm? ... 351
11.3 Sustainable tourism ... 353
11.3.1 Indicators ... 354
11.4 Sustainability and mass tourism ... 356
11.4.1 Reasons for adoption ... 356
11.4.2 Practices ... 358
11.4.3 Codes of ethics ... 362
11.4.4 Industry organisations ... 363
11.4.5 Critique of industry efforts to implement sustainable tourism ... 365
11.5 Sustainability and small-scale tourism ... 366
11.5.1 Alternative tourism ... 366
11.5.2 Sociocultural alternative tourism ... 368
11.5.3 Ecotourism ... 369
11.5.4 Ecotourism in Australia ... 373
11.5.5 Critique of alternative tourism ... 375
11.5.6 Relationship between sustainability, mass tourism and alternative tourism ... 376
11.6 Extending the Butler sequence ... 377
11.6.1 Possible paths of evolution ... 378
11.6.2 Application of the broad context model to the Gold Coast ... 379
Chapter review ... 380
Summary of key terms ... 380
Questions ... 382
Exercises ... 383
Further reading ... 384
Case study ... 385
Chapter 12 Tourism research ... 387
12.1 Introduction ... 388
12.2 The purpose of research ... 388
12.3 Types of research ... 388
12.3.1 Basic research ... 390
12.3.2 Applied research ... 391
12.3.3 Cross-sectional research ... 393
12.3.4 Longitudinal research ... 393
12.3.5 Qualitative research ... 393
12.3.6 Quantitative research ... 395
12.3.7 Primary research ... 397
12.3.8 Secondary research ... 401
12.4 The research process ... 404
12.4.1 Problem recognition ... 404
12.4.2 Question formulation ... 405
12.4.3 Identification of research methodology and/or methods ... 407
12.4.4 Data collection ... 408
12.4.5 Data analysis ... 408
12.4.6 Data presentation ... 409
12.4.7 Data interpretation ... 409
Chapter review ... 411
Summary of key terms ... 411
Questions ... 413
Exercises ... 414
Further reading ... 414
Case study ... 415
APPENDIX 1 Selected international and Australian tourism organisations ... 420
APPENDIX 2 Refereed English language tourism journals(1999) ... 422
APPENDIX 3 Inbound and outbound tourism data ... 423
REFERENCES ... 432
GLOSSARY ... 447
INDEX ... 460
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