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CONTENTS
Preface ... xv
Prologue : Reflecting of What's Ahead ... 1
Introduction ... 1
An Inquiry ... 2
Social Studies Inventory ... 3
Our Responses ... 3
Part 1 Contexts for Social ...
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CONTENTS
Preface ... xv
Prologue : Reflecting of What's Ahead ... 1
Introduction ... 1
An Inquiry ... 2
Social Studies Inventory ... 3
Our Responses ... 3
Part 1 Contexts for Social Studies ... 7
1. The Dynamics of Social Studies ... 8
Introduction : In the Beginning ... 8
Dynamic Social Studies : The Continuing Debates ... 10
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Who is Qualified for the Presidency? ... 11
COMMENTARY : On Using Model Activities with Children ... 15
The NCSS Standards ... 15
Performance Expectations ... 16
Classroom Examples ... 16
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Standards for Social Studies, History, and Social Sciences ... 17
Why Teach Social Studies? ... 18
The Literacies of Citizenship ... 18
Why Teach Social Studies, Revisited ... 22
Social Studies and Democratic Citizenship Education ... 23
Social Studies and the Humanities ... 23
Promoting Democracy in the Classroom ... 24
Democracy in Action ... 25
Contexts and Purposes for Social Studies ... 28
COMMENTARY : Is Thinking Really Valued? ... 29
Summary ... 30
2. History and the Social Sciences : The Knowledge Base for Social Studies ... 32
Introduction : On Waiting in Line ... 32
History and the Human Experience ... 34
History and the World Children Know ... 35
Helping Young Children Connect with the Past ... 38
History for Young Children ... 40
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Using Search Engines the Locate Resources ... 41
History, Science, and the Human Experience ... 42
History and the Social Sciences ... 44
History ... 44
Geography ... 45
Anthropology ... 48
COMMENTARY : The Indiana Jones Syndrome ... 49
Political Science ... 50
Sociology ... 51
Economics ... 51
Psychology ... 53
Related Disciplines ... 53
Major Findings from the Social Sciences ... 54
COMMENTARY : Social Studies or Social Science Education ... 57
Summary ... 57
3. The Dimensions of Diversity ... 59
Introduction : Mottoes and Metaphors ... 59
A Classroom Profile ... 61
Responding to Cultural and Ethnic Diversity ... 64
"Being Bad Is the Way We Are" ... 64
Multicultural Education ... 66
Approaches to Multicultural Education ... 67
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : What Is an American? ... 70
Assessing Multicultural Activities ... 71
Multicultural Activies with Substance ... 72
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Diversity/Multicultural Resources on the World Wide Web ... 73
Respecting Religious Diversity ... 73
COMMENTARY : The Scope of Diversity ... 75
Physical and Emotional Diversity ... 75
Instructional Diversity ... 77
Accommodating Educational Diversity ... 77
Cooperative Learning ... 77
Learning Style ... 79
Multiple Intelligences ... 80
Accommodating Students with High Structure Needs ... 80
Summary ... 81
Part 2 : Building a Framework for Teaching Social Studies ... 83
4. How Social Studies Programs Are Organized ... 84
Introduction : On Framing the Constitution ... 84
The Dominant Curriculum Pattern : Expanding Environments ... 87
A Composite K-8 Program ... 87
Scope and Sequence ... 89
Selected Program Features ... 92
COMMENTARY : Teaching About Birthday Parties? ... 92
Expanding Environments Reconsidered ... 93
COMMENTARY : The Power of Contrast ... 94
Alternative Organizational Patterns ... 95
Variations on the Expanding-Environments Pattern ... 95
COMMENTARY : How States Affect Textbooks, and Vice Versa ... 95
A Distinctive Variation : The CORE Curriculum ... 96
Developing Social Studies Programs ... 100
Basic Program Design Elements ... 100
Subject Matter Considerations ... 102
Developmental Considerations ... 103
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : So All Can See ... 103
Organizational Considerations ... 104
Summary ... 109
5. Weaving Instructional Themes into Social Studies ... 111
Introduction : "Change Begets Change" ... 111
Global Education ... 114
Teaching for Global Understanding ... 115
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Is it "Made in the U.S.A."? ... 116
Energy and Environmental Education ... 119
Law-Related Education ... 120
Teaching Implications ... 120
Goals ... 122
Gender-Equity Education ... 123
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Internet Resources for Teaching Instructional Themes ... 125
Summary ... 125
6. Developing Character and Values ... 127
Introduction : The Reemergence of Character Education ... 127
Terminology Clarified ... 130
Building Character ... 130
What Is Good Character? ... 131
What Values Should Be Taught? ... 132
Dealing with the Hidden Curriculum ... 134
COMMENTARY : Communitarianism ... 134
Classroom Management Practices ... 134
Guidelines for Character Education ... 135
Other Approaches to Values Education ... 137
InculCation ... 137
Literature-Based Techniques ... 138
Values Clarification ... 139
Moral Reasoning ... 142
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Heinz and the Druggist ... 144
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Holly and the Cat in the Tree - Procedure for the Young ... 145
Values Analysis ... 147
Summary ... 149
Part 3 : Instruction ... 151
7. Social Studies : Gateway to Literacy ... 152
Introduction : People, People, People ... 152
Oral Language and Listening : Bases for Literacy ... 157
Helping Children Develop Fluency in Standard English ... 158
Listening Activities ... 160
Reading, Writing, and Social Studies ... 161
Reading and Texbooks ... 162
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Computers as Writing Tools ... 163
Helping Children Handle Specialized Vocabulary ... 165
What Do You Do for Children Who Can't Read the Text? ... 166
The Reading-Writing Connection ... 167
Helping Children Construct Meaning ... 170
Examples of Instruction Designed to Construct Meaning ... 173
COMMENTARY : The Role of Details in Constructing Meaning ... 172
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Taba's Concept-Forming Strategy ... 175
Contextual Redefinition ... 175
Word Maps ... 176
Summary ... 178
8. Strategies for Effective Teaching ... 180
Introduction ; The " Pine Tree Shillings" ... 180
Teaching Strategies Defined ... 184
Identifying Teaching Strategies ... 184
Teacher-Centered Instruction ... 184
COMMENTARY : There Is Nothing like a Good Lecture ... 185
Mixed Instruction ... 188
Student-Centered Instruction ... 188
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : "The Wearin' of the Green" - A Group Investigation ... 189
COMMENTARY : Inquiry, Discovery, and Problem Solving ... 191
Managing Small-Group Instruction ... 193
The Dynamics of Small Groups ... 194
Groups and Purposes ... 195
Social Skills and Feedback ... 196
Characteristics of Effective Teacher Feedback ... 197
Small-Group Management Practices Summarized ... 198
Teaching Strategies Revisited ... 199
A Perspective on Using Social Studies Content ... 199
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Pictures Are Worth a Thousand Words ... 201
Using Unconventional Content to Teach Social Studies ... 202
Summary ... 205
9. Additional Strategies for Active Learning ... 207
Introduction : The Empty-Chair/Author's Chair Techniques ... 207
Context One ... 207
Contextp Two ... 208
Context Three ... 208
Dramatic Play ... 210
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Dramatic Play ... 211
COMMENTARY : On Structuring the Environment ... 213
Role-Playing ... 214
Role-Playing and Decision-Making ... 215
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : The Lunch Policy ... 215
Unstructured Role-Playing ... 216
Structured Role-Playing ... 216
Simulation and Gaming ... 217
Computer-Based Simulations ... 219
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Using Interactive CD-ROMs ... 220
Developing Board Games ... 221
Summary of Steps for Designing a Simulation or Game ... 223
Expressive and Enactive Experiences ... 224
Summary ... 225
10. Planning and Orchestrating Instruction ... 226
Introduction : On Composing and Orchestrating ... 226
Vignette : The K-W-L Strategy(Or, Why Woodpeckers Don't Hurt Themselves) ... 227
Managing Multiple Planning Exements ... 229
Composing a Sample Unit : Part Ⅰ ... 230
Identifying a Unit Focus ... 230
How State and National Standards Affect Planning ... 232
A Perspective on Learning Outcomes ... 235
Stating Outcomes in Performance Terms ... 236
Judging the Appropriateness of Objectives ... 236
Creating Intermediate-Level Outcomes ... 237
Goals and Objectives for Thinking and Feeling ... 237
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Teaching Units and Lesson Plans on the Internet ... 239
Systematic Planning ... 239
Composing a Sample Unit : Part Ⅱ ... 240
Identifying Learning Outcomes ... 241
Other Elements ... 242
Identifying and Sequencing Instructional Activities ... 242
COMMENTARY : ALL Teaching Activities Are Not Equally Effective ... 245
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : A Sample Unit Plan : Using Resources Wisely ... 246
Reviewing the Unit for Completeness and Consistency ... 250
Lesson Planning ... 250
Summary ... 251
11. Assessing Learning ... 253
Introduction : Revisiting Janet Jacobsen ... 253
Assessment and the Instructional Cycle ... 257
Criterion-Referenced Evaluation ... 259
Norm-Referenced Evaluation ... 261
Summative Evaluation and Grading ... 262
COMMENTARY : Self-Evaluation and Grading ... 263
Authentic Assessment ... 263
Gathering Assessment Information ... 267
Assessing Cognitive Knowledge and Skills ... 267
A Sample Nontest ... 267
Evaluating Critical Thinking Skills ... 269
Alternative Assessment Strategies ... 272
"I Learned" Statements ... 275
Portfolios ... 275
Iterviewing and Observing ... 277
Assessing Attitudes and Values ... 277
Attitude Scales ... 278
COMMENTARY : Halos - Negative and Positive ... 278
Questionnaires and Inventories ... 279
Checkilsts and Rating Scales ... 279
Summary ... 280
12. Nurturing Critical and Reflective Thinking ... 282
Introduction : Reading Between the Lines ... 282
Metacognition : Thinking About Thinking ... 283
Teaching Reflective Thinking ... 285
COMMENTARY : What We Know About Thinking ... 287
Identifying Porblems ... 287
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Nation X - Using a fact Sheet ... 289
Culture Cards ... 290
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Data-Based Computer Software 291
Determinning Researchable Problems ... 292
Hypothesizing and Inferring ... 293
Gathering and Interpreting Data ... 295
Generalizing ... 297
Strategies for Teaching Critical Thinking Skills ... 297
Questioning Strategies ... 299
COMMENTARY : On Avoiding "Queen Bee" Questions ... 299
For Every Question There Is a Purpose ... 299
Wait Time ... 301
Decision Making ... 302
Model Student Activity : Returning from the Crusades ... 303
Developing and Using Decision-Making Activities ... 304
Summary ... 305
13. Helping Students Use Maps, Globes, and Graphics ... 306
Introduction : Basic Premises ... 306
Maps and Globes ... 207
Mapmaking ... 309
When Should Map and Globe Skills Be Taught? ... 312
Using Maps and Globes ... 314
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Plotting Earthquakes ... 317
Latitude, Longitude, and Other Grid Systems ... 318
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Pumpkin Georgraphy ... 319
Map Reading(Decoding Maps) ... 320
Map-Related Activities ... 322
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Where Would You Locate Your City? ... 323
Working with Other Graphic Forms ... 326
Fact Sheets ... 326
Encoding Quantitative Data ... 328
Decoding Graphs and Tables ... 330
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Constructing a Table ... 330
Charts ... 331
MODEL STUDENT ACTIVITY : Linear Charting ... 331
Summary ... 332
14. Using Instructional Tools : Print, Multimedia, and Community Resources ... 334
Introduction : Teaching in the Electronic Age ... 334
Textbooks ... 335
Supplementary Print Materials ... 336
Current Events Publications ... 336
COMMENTARY : On Helping Children Deal with Terrorism ... 338
Trade Books ... 339
Teaching Kits ... 340
Workbooks ... 340
Computer-Based Resources ... 341
A Note About Hardware ... 341
Instructional Applications ... 341
Telecommunications ... 345
Evaluating Software ... 345
Sources of Information ... 345
Nonprint Materials ... 347
Pictures, Films, and Videotapes ... 347
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE : Virtual Touring on the Internet ... 348
Realia ... 349
Community Resources ... 349
Resource Persons ... 349
Oral History ... 350
Field Trips and Tours ... 351
Using Community Resources ... 353
Acquiring Instructional Resources ... 354
Summary ... 355
Epilogue
Introduction : Reflecting on Things Past ... 357
Instructional Premises for the Twenty-First Century ... 357
Resource Handbook ... rh-1
Introduction ... rh-2
Part 1 ... rh-3
Part 2 ... rh-1
Part 3 ... rh-1
Part 4 ... rh-2
References ... r-1
Name Index ... i-1
Subject Index ... i-3
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