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CONTENTS
Preface = ⅴ
List of Contributors = xii
1. Specimen Preparation / A. D. Curson
1.1. Introduction = 1
1.2. Initial Approach To Preparing The Specimen = 3
1.3. Area Of The Specimen =...
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CONTENTS
Preface = ⅴ
List of Contributors = xii
1. Specimen Preparation / A. D. Curson
1.1. Introduction = 1
1.2. Initial Approach To Preparing The Specimen = 3
1.3. Area Of The Specimen = 4
1.4. Surfaces = 5
1.5. Sectioning(Sectional Slices) = 18
1.6. Melt Pressings = 36
1.7. Staining = 36
1.8. Final Comments = 37
2. Basic Light Microscopy And The Phase Contrast Microscope / D. A. Hemsley
2.1. Introduction = 39
2.2. Synthetic Polymers As Speciments For Light Microscopy = 40
2.3. Light Versus Electron Microscopy Of Polymers = 43
2.4. Basic Light Microscopy = 46
2.5. Applications For Common Light Microscopy = 52
2.6. Phase Contrast Microscopy = 60
2.7. Applications For Phase Contrast Microscopy = 65
2.8. Dark Ground Microscopy = 70
References = 71
3. Polarized Light : Theory And Measurements / B. P. Saville
3.1. Introduction = 73
3.2. Light And Its Interaction With Matter = 73
3.3. Elliptically And Circularly Polarized Light = 81
3.4. The Uniaxial Indicatrix = 82
3.5. The Biaxial Indicatrix = 83
3.6. Methods Of Producing Polarized Light = 85
3.7. Types Of Birefringence = 87
3.8. The Passage Of Polarized Light Through Thin Birefringent Plates = 88
3.9. Polarization Colours = 91
3.10. Relation Between Orientation And Birefringence = 93
3.11. The Polarizing Microscope = 96
3.12. Measurement Of Optical Path Difference = 99
3.13. Compensators = 100
3.14. Dispersion Of Birefringence = 104
3.15. Spectrophotometric Method = 105
3.16. The Wedge Method = 107
3.17. Use Of The Abbe Refractometer = 108
References = 108
Bibliography = 109
4. Polarized Light : Qualitative Microscopy / B. P. Saville
4.1. Introduction = 111
4.2. Spherulites = 112
4.3. Theory Of Spherulitic Crystallization = 117
4.4. Different Types Of Spherulite = 125
4.5. Spherulitic Forms Of Polypropylene = 132
4.6. Effect Of Processing On Spherulites = 136
4.7. Small Angle Light Scattering = 144
4.8. Molecular Orientation = 145
References = 149
5. Modulation Contrast And Differential Interference Contrast Techniques / R. Hoffman
5.1. Introduction = 151
5.2. General Principles = 151
5.3. The Modulation Contrast System = 155
5.4. Differential Interference Contrast = 162
5.5. Adjusting The Contrast Systems = 167
5.6. Comparison With The Phase Contrast Microscope = 169
5.7. Reflected Light Work = 169
5.8. Image Interpretation = 170
5.9. Applications To Polymers = 173
References = 183
6. Interferencde Microscopy Of Polymers / D. A. Hemsley
6.1. Introduction = 185
6.2. The Basic Principles Of Quantitative Microinterferometry = 186
6.3. Reflected Light Applications = 192
6.4. Interpretation Of Surface Interferograms = 201
6.5. Some Reflected Light Systems Applicable To Polymers = 207
6.6. Transmitted Light Interference Microscopy = 212
6.7. Transmitted Light Systems = 222
6.8. Compensators = 230
References = 231
7. Ultraviolet And Fluorescence Microscopy / P. Calvert ; N. C. Billingham
7.1. Introduction = 233
7.2. Equipment And Techniques = 235
7.3. Applications To Non-Polymer Materials = 242
7.4. Non-Microscopic Applications Of Fluorescence From Polymers = 244
7.5. Applications Of Uv Microscopy To Synthetic Polymers = 245
References = 270
Index = 273
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