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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
Ⅰ. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN A POLITICAL SETTING
1. Approaches to the Study of Politics ... 2
Alternative styles of politics ... 3
Four approaches to politics ...
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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
Ⅰ. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN A POLITICAL SETTING
1. Approaches to the Study of Politics ... 2
Alternative styles of politics ... 3
Four approaches to politics ... 6
Dilemmas between power and justice ... 15
Suggestions for further study ... 18
2. The study of International Relations : Theory and Practice ... 20
The traditionalist, scientific, and postbehavioral schools of thought ... 22
Theories and theory building in international relations ... 29
Suggestions for further study ... 39
3. The BalanceofPower System and Its Variations ... 40
The concept of "balance of power " ... 42
The balance of Power in modern history ... 45
Defining political systems and other systems ... 48
Variations of world political systems ... 50
The conflict quotient of various international systems ... 58
Conclusion ... 59
Suggestions for further study ... 61
Ⅱ. NATIONAL ACTORS : THEIR ATTRIBUTES, INTERESTS, AND POLICIES
4. The NationState and Nationalism ... 64
Nations and States ... 64
Ethnic pluralism ... 65
The roots of nationalism ... 70
The rise of modern forms of nationalism ... 72
National sovereignty ... 75
Challenges to nationalism ... 78
Prospects for nationalism ... 81
Suggestions for further study ... 83
5. Power and Capabilities of NationStates ... 85
The imprecision of power as a concept ... 85
Attempts to operationalize the definition of power ... 88
The power profiles of nationstates ... 95
Can we return to a single useful of power? ... 103
Suggestions for further study ... 105
6. National Interest and Other Interests ... 106
Defining the national interest : An art or a science? ... 107
Ideologies : Guides for the definition of national interest or rationalizations for its beautification? Hans Morgenthau on national interest ... 113
The fragmentation of national interest ... 117
Global interests and objectives ... 122
Suggestions for further study ... 123
7. Foreign Policy Decision Making ... 125
Theorizing about foreign policy ... 126
The study of foreign policy decision making ... 136
A "revisionist" critique of decision making theory ... 143
Formal attempts to compare foreign policies ... 144
Conclusion ... 147
Suggestions for further study ... 147
Ⅲ. INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL PROCESSES : CIVILIZED ACTORS IN A PRIMITIVE SYSTEM
8. Diplomacy and Statecraft ... 150
Diplomatic exchanges among nation states ... 151
The functions of diplomatic missions ... 153
The structure and instruments of diplomacy ... 156
The changing scope of diplomacy ... 158
Secret versus open diplomacy ... 160
Profiles of the effective diplomat ... 162
The prevalent profile of "effective" statecraft ... 165
Some general rules for "good" diplomats and leaders ... 168
Suggestions for further study ... 170
9. Intelligence, Covert Action, and Other Nonmilitary Instruments of Coercion ... 172
The functions of intelligence services ... 172
Propaganda and psychological warfare ... 182
Economic warfare ... 185
Suggestions for further study ... 189
10. War and Its Causes ... 191
The history of warfare ... 192
Causes of war ... 196
Conclusion ... 209
Suggestions for further study ... 209
11. Modes and Levels of Warfare ... 211
Internal war ... 213
International war ... 220
The nuclear dimension : A deadly calculus ... 223
Suggestions for further study ... 230
12. The Control of Conflict in the International System ... 231
A word on concepts ... 233
A historical overview of arms control ... 234
Systems of arms control verification ... 241
Social costs of armaments ... 243
Legal and humanitarian constraints on war ... 245
Suggestions for further atudy ... 248
Ⅳ. THE RUDIMENTARY INSTITUTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
13. Internationl Law : Fact or Fictions? ... 252
The historical development of international law ... 254
The naturalist positivist debate ... 255
The sources of international law ... 257
The subjects of international law ... 260
Recognition of states and governments ... 260
Jurisdiction of states and govenments ... 262
The law of treaties ... 267
The "laws" of war and reprisals and other methods of selfhelp ... 269
Alternative perceptions of international law ... 272
Suggestions for further study ... 274
14. The Great Experiments in Global Organization ... 276
Defining international organization ... 276
The historical development of international organizations ... 280
The League of Nations ... 284
The United Nations system of organizations ... 288
Beyond peacekeeping ... 294
The United Nations record in decolonization ... 296
The international protection of human rights ... 298
Assessment of the United Nations system ... 300
Suggestions for further study ... 302
15. The Theory and Practice of Functionalism and Regional Integration ... 304
The theory of integration ... 306
Problems of defining regions ... 308
Regional defense organizations ... 310
Regional functional organizations : The Western European experiment ... 311
Some generalizations about regional integration ... 315
The debate between regionalists and universalists ... 319
Assessing regionalism ... 320
Suggestions for further study ... 323
Ⅴ. THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM IN TRANSITION
16. The International Economy : Widening the Political Net ? ... 326
The magnitude of interdependence ... 326
International trade : The argument between free traders and protectionalists ... 329
The regulation of international transactions ... 334
The balance of payments as an ingredient of national power ... 339
International economic institutions and the planetary economy ... 341
The developingcountry debtors : A financial time bomb ... 345
Suggestions for further study ... 347
17. The Gap Between Rich and Poor : Reassessing the Meaning and Process of "Development" ... 349
Economic development ... 350
Political development ... 352
Social development ... 355
Two strategies for the development of third world countries ... 358
Objective indicators of development ... 361
Suggestions for further study ... 367
18. New and Neglected Actors in the International System ... 368
Multinational corporations ... 370
Ethnicity and ethnic groups: Neglected actors in the analysis of international relations ... 377
Terrorists movement and organizations ... 380
Religious groups and movements ... 383
Conclusion ... 385
Suggestions for further study ... 386
19. Threats Facing Humankind ... 387
The threat of war ... 388
Ecocide ... 391
The population "explosion" ... 393
Food for famine ... 396
Alienation ... 399
Transition from international to planetary politics ... 403
A parting word ... 406
Suggestions for further study ... 406
Index ... 409
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