목차 일부
CONTENTS
1. Light and ionizing radiation: generation of excited states and radicals ... 1
1.1 Nature of light and light absorption ... 1
1.2 Nature of ionizing radiation and its absorption ... ...
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목차 전체
CONTENTS
1. Light and ionizing radiation: generation of excited states and radicals ... 1
1.1 Nature of light and light absorption ... 1
1.2 Nature of ionizing radiation and its absorption ... 11
1.3 Other sources of excited states and radicals ... 22
2. Nature and reactivity of excited states and radicals ... 24
2.1 Nature and reactivity of excited states ... 25
2.2 Elementary chemical reactions of excited states ... 43
2.3 Nature and reactivity of radicals ... 49
2.4 Electron transfer ― Marcus theory ... 52
2.5 Comparison of radiation chemistry and photochemistry ... 59
2.6 Microheterogeneous media ― supramolecular chemistry ... 63
3. Pulsed radiation techniques: flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis ... 64
3.1 Monitoring via conventional spectrophotometry in solution ... 65
3.2 Other monitoring techniques ... 89
4. Activated forms of oxygen ... 101
4.1 Introduction ... 102
4.2 Production of the activated oxygen species ... 103
4.3 Methods of detection of activated forms of oxygen ... 117
4.4 Chemical properties of the activated forms of oxygen ... 127
4.5 Biomedical properties of the activated forms of oxygen ... 138
5. Pyrimidines, purines, and nucleic acids ... 142
5.1 Occurrence and importance ... 143
5.2 Structure ... 144
5.3 Ground state absorption spectra ... 146
5.4 Fluorescence of monomers, polynucleotides, and DNA ... 149
5.5 Phosphorescence and triplet energy levels of nucleic acid components and DNA ... 150
5.6 Triplet absorption studies of pyrimidines and of their nucleosides and nucleotides ... 151
5.7 Triplet absorption studies of purines ... 154
5.8 Excited state reactions of pyrimidines, purines, and derivatives in solution and in DNA ... 154
5.9 Radicals ... 158
5.10 Photoactive compounds and DNA ... 168
5.11 Concluding remarks ... 172
6. Amino acids, peptides, and proteins ... 173
6.1 Introduction and importance ... 173
6.2 Ground state absorption ... 174
6.3 Singlet-oxygen interactions ... 176
6.4 Singlet excited states ... 178
6.5 Triplet states ... 179
6.6 Radical generation ... 182
6.7 Radical reactivity ... 190
6.8 Electron migration within proteins ... 191
6.9 Tryptophan as a protein structural probe ... 197
6.10 Protein dynamics ... 198
6.11 Concluding remarks ... 199
7. Carotenoids ... 201
7.1 Introduction ... 201
7.2 Absorption and fluorescence spectra ... 205
7.3 Triplet state ... 211
7.4 Photoisomerization ... 217
7.5 Radicals ... 220
7.6 Carotenoid-oxygen radical interactions ... 224
7.7 Photosynthesis ... 225
7.8 Concluding remarks ... 227
8. Melanogenesis and melanoma ... 228
8.1 Introduction ... 228
8.2 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanines ... 232
8.3 5,6-Dihydroxyindoles and metabolites ... 235
8.4 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid ... 241
8.5 Therapeutic aspects: 4-hydroxyanisole ... 243
8.6 Summary ... 247
9. Photodermatology ... 249
9.1 Introduction ... 250
9.2 Structure of skin ... 250
9.3 Optical properties of skin and solar UV spectrum ... 251
9.4 Molecular mechanisms of skin damage ... 253
9.5 Inflammatory responses: erythema, tanning, and thickening ... 259
9.6 Drugs inducing photosensitizing side effects ... 259
9.7 Furocoumarins and PUVA ... 265
9.8 Diseases associated with defective tetrapyrrole metabolism ... 282
9.9 Summary and conclusions ... 287
10. Cancer: radiotherapy ... 290
10.1 The chemical basis of radiobiology and radiotherapy ... 290
10.2 Radiosensitization ... 295
10.3 Summary ... 304
11. Cancer: chemotherapy ... 306
11.1 Introduction ... 306
11.2 Anthracyclines ... 307
11.3 Mitomycin C ... 316
11.4 Correlation between one-electron reduction potential and ease of enzymatic reduction ... 319
11.5 Summary ... 320
12. Cancer: photodynamic therapy (PDT) ... 322
12.1 Introduction ... 322
12.2 Preparation and nature of HPD and related mixtures ... 327
12.3 Primary molecular photo-processes involved in PDT ... 328
12.4 Molecular targets of photosensitization ... 342
12.5 Mechanisms of tumour necrosis ... 343
12.6 Future directions and new photosensitizers for PDT ... 343
12.7 Concluding remarks ... 345
References ... 346
Appendix I ... 422
Postface ... 424
Index ... 425
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