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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
PART Ⅰ ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY FOR FOOD CHOICES
NUTRITION TODAY : AN INTRODUCTION ... 3
NUTRITION AND HEALTH ... 3
THE SCIENCE OF NUTRITION : A REVIEW OF BASIC CON...
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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
PART Ⅰ ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY FOR FOOD CHOICES
NUTRITION TODAY : AN INTRODUCTION ... 3
NUTRITION AND HEALTH ... 3
THE SCIENCE OF NUTRITION : A REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS ... 6
A WORD TO STUDENTS ... 12
CHAPTER 1 INFLUENCES ON FOOD CHOICES ... 13
INFLUENCES ON AVAILABILITY OF FOOD ... 14
BOX 1-1 : CONCERNS ABOUT THE U.S. FOOD SYSTEM ... 17
INFLUENCES ON THE ACCEPTABILITY OF FOOD ... 25
SUMMARY ... 31
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 31
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 32
CHAPTER 2 CHOOSING AN ADEQUATE DIET ... 33
HOW MUCH OF EACH NUTRIENT DOES THE BODY NEED? ... 34
HOW DOES ONE PLAN AN ADEQUATE DIET? ... 41
BOX 2-1 : ADVANTAGES OF THE EXCHANGE SYSTEM IN DIETARY PLANNING ... 45
SUMMARY ... 48
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 48
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 48
PART Ⅱ THE ENERGY NUTRIENTS
CHAPTER 3 CARBOHYDRATES ... 53
IMPORTANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN THE DIET ... 54
COMPOSITION OF CARBOHYDRATES ... 54
CARBOHYDRATES IN FOOD ... 64
CHANGING PATTERNS OF CARBOHYDRATE CONSUMPTION ... 65
BOX 3-1 : NUTRITIVE LOSSES IN REFINING GRAINS ... 69
DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND METABOLISM : SOME BASIC CONCEPTS ... 70
BOX 3-2 : MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE DIGESTIVE TRACT ... 73
THE BODYS USE OF CARBOHYDRATES ... 76
BOX 3-3 : CARBOHYDRATE LOADING ... 87
HOW MUCH CARBOHYDRATE IS SUGGESTED? ... 89
ALCOHOL ... 89
SUMMARY ... 92
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 92
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 93
CHAPTER 4 FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS ... 94
LIPIDS IN FOODS ... 95
IMPORTANCE OF FAT(TRIGLYCERIDE) IN THE DIET ... 96
COMPOSITION OF FATS ... 101
PROPERTIES OF FAT ... 105
LIPIDS OTHER THAN FAT ... 106
DIGESTION ... 108
ABSORPTION OF FATS AND OTHER LIPIDS ... 111
METABOLISM AND STORAGE ... 114
CHANGING PATTERNS OF FAT CONSUMPTION ... 119
HOW MUCH FAT IS SUGGESTED? ... 121
SUMMARY ... 122
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 122
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 123
CHAPTER 5 LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND DISEASE ... 124
DIETARY LIPIDS AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE(CHD) ... 125
THE DIET-HEART HYPOTHESIS ... 129
BOX 5-1 : RESEARCH IN NUTRITION ... 131
DIETARY FAT AND CANCER ... 137
CARBOHYDRATES AN D DISEASE ... 140
SUMMARY ... 151
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 151
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 152
CHAPTER 6 PROTEINS ... 153
WHAT ARE PROTEINS? ... 154
PROTEIN STRUCTURE ... 154
ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ... 157
FUNCTIONS OF BODY PROTEINS ... 158
FOOD SOURCES OF PROTEIN ... 161
THE BODYS USE OF PROTEINS ... 164
HOW MUCH PROTEIN DO WE NEED? ... 174
BOX 6-1 : DO ATHLETES HAVE HIGH PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS? ... 178
BOX 6-2 : VEGETARIAN DIETS ... 184
PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION ... 189
SUMMARY ... 191
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 191
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 192
CHAPTER 7 ENERGY BALANCE ... 193
ENERGY : WHAT IS IT? ... 194
HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES THE BODY NEED? ... 196
MEASURING THE BODYS TOTAL ENERGY NEEDS ... 209
BOX 7-1 : ENERGY NEEDS OF THE ATHLETE ... 210
ENERGY VALUE OF FOODS ... 216
LOOKING AHEAD ... 217
BOX 7-2 : MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT FOOD AND ENERGY ... 220
SUMMARY ... 221
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 221
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 221
CHAPTER 8 : ENERGY IMBALANCES : OVERWEIGHTTS AND UNDERWEIGHT ... 222
OBESITY : HOW EXTENSIVE IS IT? ... 223
HOW DO WE ASSESS OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY? ... 224
HAZARDS OF OBESITY ... 225
WHAT CAUSES OBESITY? ... 226
PREVENTING AND TREATING OBESITY ... 235
BOX 8-1 : RECOGNIZING UNSOUND CLAIMS ABOUT WEIGHT-REDUCING DIETS ... 239
BOX 8-2 : CHARACTERISTICS OF A REASONABLE WEIGHT-REDUCING DIET ... 247
UNDERWEIGHT ... 249
LOOKING AHEAD ... 253
SUMMARY ... 253
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 253
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 254
PART Ⅲ VITAMINS, MINERALS, AND WATER
CHAPTER 9 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS : VITAMIN C ... 258
VITAMIN C(ASCORBIC ACID) ... 259
BOX 9-1 : FALSE VITAMINS ... 260
SUMMARY ... 272
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 272
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 273
CHAPTER 10 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS : B VITAMINS ... 274
THIAMINE ... 277
BOX 10-1 : SHOULD YOU DEPEND ON PILLS FOR VITAMINS? ... 278
RIBOFLAVIN ... 282
BOX 10-2 : SAVING VITAMINS AND MINERALS IN FOODS ... 283
NIACIN ... 286
VITAMIN B B6 ... 291
PANTOTHENIC ACID ... 296
FOLACIN ... 298
VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN) ... 302
BIOTIN ... 305
CHOLINE AND INOSITOL ... 308
SUMMARY ... 309
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 309
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 309
CHAPTER 11 THE FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS ... 310
VITAMlN A ... 311
BOX 11-1 : IS VITAMIN A THE ANSWER TO ACNE? ... 320
VITAMIN D ... 321
VITAMIN E ... 327
V1TAMIN K ... 331
BOX 11-2 : IS VITAMIN E A CURE-ALL? ... 332
SUMMARY ... 335
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 335
CHAPTER 12 WATER AND THE MAJOR MINERALS ... 336
WATER ... 338
ELECTROLYTES ... 340
SODIUM ... 334
BOX 12-1 : WATER AND SODIUM NEEDS OF ATHLETES ... 345
POTASSIUM ... 348
CHLORINE ... 352
CALCIUM ... 353
PHOSPHORUS ... 358
MAGNESIUM ... 359
SUMMARY ... 362
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 362
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 362
CHAPTER 13 TRACE ELEMENTS(MINERALS) ... 363
IRON ... 364
ZINC ... 370
IODINE ... 372
CHROMIUM ... 377
FLUORINE ... 379
COPPER ... 381
SELENIUM ... 382
MANGANESE ... 384
MOLYBDENUM ... 384
OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS ... 384
BOX 13-1 : HAIR ANALYSIS AS AN ASSESSMENT TOOL ... 385
BOX 13-2 : ALCOHOL : ITS EFFECTS ON VITAMIN AND MINERAL NUTRITION ... 388
SUMMARY ... 389
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 389
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 390
PART Ⅳ NUTRITION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE
CHAPTER 14 PREGNANCY AND LACTATION ... 395
THE BABY BEFORE BIRTH ... 395
CHANGES IN THE MATERNAL BODY ... 398
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS DURING PREGNANCY ... 399
NUTRITION AND COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY ... 406
DIETARY GUIDELINES ... 410
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS DURING LACTATION ... 415
DIETARY PLANNING FOR LACTATION ... 417
SUMMARY ... 418
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 418
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 418
CHAPTER 15 INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND ADOLESCENCE ... 420
PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY ... 421
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 423
EATING HABITS ... 427
BOX 15-1 : BREAST-FEEDING FACTS ... 430
PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD ... 437
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 437
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD HABITS ... 439
PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MIDDLE YEARS OF CHILDHOOD ... 444
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 444
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD HABITS ... 444
PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE ... 446
BOX 15-2 : DIET AND HYPERACTMTY ... 447
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS ... 449
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD HABITS ... 450
BOX 15-3 : FOOD ALLERGIES ... 453
FOOD PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 453
SUMMARY ... 455
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 455
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 455
CHAPTER 16 THE LATER YEARS ... 457
AMERICAS FASTEST-GROWING MINORITY ... 458
BOX 16-1 : LIBERATING AGING ... 459
THEORIES OF AGING ... 460
NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF THE OLDER PERSON ... 461
BOX 16-2 : SHANGRI-LA AND THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH ... 464
FACTORS INFLUENCING NUTRITIONAL STATUS ... 470
BOX 16-3 : DRUG-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS ... 472
DIETARY PLANNING ... 475
NUTRITION PROGRAMS FOR OLDER ADULTS ... 477
SUMMARY ... 479
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 479
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 479
PART Ⅴ FOOD SAFETY AND ADEQUACY : AT HOME AND ABROAD
CHAPTER 17 CONSUMER ISSUES : FOOD LABELING, ADDITIVES, AND TOX1CANTS ... 483
FOOD LABELING ... 484
BOX 17-1 : INTERPRETING INFORMATION ON FOOD LABELS ... 490
FOOD ADDITIVES ... 492
BOX 17-2 : THE NITRATE-NITRITE CONTROVERSY ... 500
NATURALLY OCCURRING TOX1CANTS IN FOODS ... 506
ANTIBIOTICS IN ANIMAL FEED ... 507
SUMMARY ... 509
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 510
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 511
CHAPTER 18 WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS ... 512
KINDS AND EXTENT OF MALNUTRITION ... 513
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION AND THE WORLD FOOD CRISIS? ... 515
CAN GLOBAL MALNUTRITION BE ALLEVIATED? PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES
BOX 18-1 : THE BOTTLE-FEEDING PROBLEM ... 527
BOX 18-2 : IMPROVING NUTRITION THROUGH MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTIONN EXAMPLE ... 530
DEALING WITH WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS : WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY? ... 535
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE ... 536
SUMMARY ... 537
FOR DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION ... 537
SUGGESTED READINGS ... 538
Bibliography ... 539
Glossary ... 560
APPENDIX A Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDAs) for the U.S.A. ... A-1
APPENDIX B The Exchange Lists ... B-1
APPENDIX C Nutritive Value of Foods Commonly Consumed ... C-1
APPENDIX D Selected Minerals and Vitamins in Foods? ... D-1
APPENDIX E Sugar Content of Selected Foods ... E-1
APPENDIX F Cholesterol in Foods ... F-1
APPENDIX G Nutritional Analysis of Fast Foods ... G-1
APPENDIX H Energy Expenditure for Physical Activity ... H-1
APPENDIX I Height-Weight Table ... I-1
APPENDIX J Laboratory Tests in Nutritional Assessment ... J-1
APPENDIX K The Krebs, or Tricarboxylic, Acid Cycle ... K-1
APPENDIX L Recording and Calculating Dietary Intake ... L-1
APPENDIX M Measuring Protein Quality ... M-1
APPENDIX N U.S. RDAs ... N-1
Index ... I-1
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