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CONTENTS
Preface to the First Edition ... xii
Preface to the Second Edition ... xiii
PART Ⅰ FUNCTION AND FORM
Chapter 1 Introduction ... 3
Chapter 2 Function ... 8
2.1 Subject and Predicat...
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CONTENTS
Preface to the First Edition ... xii
Preface to the Second Edition ... xiii
PART Ⅰ FUNCTION AND FORM
Chapter 1 Introduction ... 3
Chapter 2 Function ... 8
2.1 Subject and Predicate ... 8
2.2 Predicator ... 14
2.3 Direct Object ... 15
2.4 Indirect Object ... 19
2.5 Adjunct ... 20
Key Concepts ... 21
Exercises ... 22
Further Reading ... 24
Chapter 3 Form : Words, Word Classes and Pheases ... 25
3.1 The notion 'word' ... 25
3.2 Nouns and determiners ... 26
3.3 Adjectives ... 32
3.4 Verbs ... 34
3.5 Prepositions ... 44
3.6 Adverbs ... 44
3.7 Conjunctions ... 46
3.8 Interjections ... 48
Key Concepts ... 48
Exercises ... 49
Further Reading ... 52
Chapter 4 More on Form : Clauses and Sentences ... 53
4.1 Clauses and clause hierarchies ... 53
4.2 The rank scale ... 56
4.3 Sentence types ... 58
4.3.1 Declarative sentences ... 58
4.3.2 Interrogative sentences ... 59
4.3.3 Imperative sentences ... 60
4.3.4 Exclamative sentences ... 61
4.3.5 The pragmatics of the sentence types ... 62
4.4 More on tree diagrams ... 63
Key Concepts ... 67
Exercises ... 68
Further Reading ... 70
Chapter 5 The Function-Form Interface ... 71
5.1 Function-form relationships ... 71
5.2 Realisations of the Subject ... 72
5.3 Realisation of the Predicate and Predicator ... 75
5.4 Realisations of the Direct Object ... 75
5.5 Realisations of the Indirect Object ... 79
5.6 Realisations of Adjuncts ... 79
Key Concepts ... 86
Exercises ... 86
Further Reading ... 87
PART Ⅱ ELABORATION
Chapter 6 Predicates, Arguments and Thematic Roles ... 91
6.1 Predicates and arguments ... 91
6.2 Thematic roles ... 94
6.3 Grammatical functions and thematic roles ... 97
6.4 Selectional restrictions ... 98
6.5 Three levels of description ... 99
Key Concepts ... 99
Exercises ... 100
Further Reading ... 102
Chapter 7 Cross-Categorial Generalisations : X-bar Syntax ... 104
7.1 Heads, Complements and Specifiers ... 104
7.2 Adjuncts ... 111
7.3 Cross-categorial generalisations ... 119
7.4 Subcategorisation ... 121
7.4.1 Subcategorisation versus argument/thematic structure ... 123
Key Concepts ... 124
Exercises ... 124
Further Reading ... 127
Chapter 8 More on Clauses ... 129
8.1 The I-node ... 129
8.2 Subordinate clauses ... 134
8.2.1 Clauses functioning as Direct Object, Subject and Adjunct ... 134
8.2.2 Clauses functioning as Complements within phrases ... 137
8.2.3 Clauses functioning as Adjuncts within phrases ... 138
Key Concepts ... 140
Exercises ... 140
Further Reading ... 141
Chapter 9 Movement ... 142
9.1 Verb movement : aspectual auxiliaries ... 142
9.2 NP-movement : passive ... 149
9.3 NP-movement : Subject-to-Subject raising ... 155
9.4 Movement in interrogative sentences : Subject-auxiliary inversion ... 157
9.5 Wh-movement ... 160
9.6 The structure of sentences containing one or more auxiliaries ... 162
Key Concepts ... 165
Exercises ... 165
Further Reading ... 167
PART Ⅲ ARGUMENTATION
Chapter 10 Syntactic Argumentation ... 171
10.1 The art of argumentation ... 171
10.2 Economy of description : Linguistically Significant Generalisations and Occam's razor ... 174
10.2.1 Linguistically Significant Generalisations ... 174
10.2.2 Occam's razor ... 176
10.2.2.1 Verb-preposition constructions ... 177
10.2.2.2 Achieving economy in the domain of functional terminology ... 181
10.3 Further constraints on description : elegance and independent justifications ... 183
10.3.1 Elegance of description ... 183
10.3.2 Independent justifications ... 186
10.4 Evaluating analyses ... 188
Key Concepts ... 189
Exercises ... 189
Further Reading ... 192
Chapter 11 Constituency : Movement and Substitution ... 193
11.1 Movement ... 194
11.1.1 Movements to the left ... 195
11.1.1.1 Topicalisation ... 195
11.1.1.2 VP-Preposing ... 196
11.1.1.3 Though-Movement ... 201
11.1.2 Movements to the right ... 202
11.1.2.1 Heavy-NP-Shift ... 202
11.1.2.2 Extraposition of Subject Clauses ... 203
11.1.2.3 Extraposition from NP ... 203
11.2 Substitution ... 205
11.2.1 Substitution of nominal projections : NP and N' ... 205
11.2.2 Substitution of verbal projections : VP and V' ... 211
Key Concepts ... 217
Exercises ... 217
Further Reading ... 222
Chapter 12 Constituency : Some Additional Tests ... 223
12.1 Coordination ... 223
12.2 Cleft and Pseudocleft sentences ... 226
12.3 The Insertion Test ... 228
12.4 The Constituent Response Test ... 229
12.5 The Somewhere Else Test ... 229
12.6 The Meaning Test ... 232
12.7 A case study : the Naked Pizza Eating-construction ... 232
12.8 Some caveats regarding the tests ... 236
Key Concepts ... 237
Exercises ... 237
Further Reading ... 240
Chapter 13 Predicates and Arguments Revisited ... 241
13.1 Establishing argumenthoed ... 241
13.1.1 Meaning ... 241
13.1.2 Dummy elements and idiom chunks ... 244
13.1.3 Passivisation ... 245
13.2 Two further types of verb + NP + to - infinitive construction : persuade and want ... 246
13.2.1 Persuade ... 247
13.2.2 Want ... 248
13.2.3 Overview ... 250
13.3 Conclusion ... 251
Key Concepts ... 252
Exercises ... 252
Further Reading ... 254
PART Ⅳ APPLICATION
Chapter 14 Case Studies ... 257
14.1 Word classes ... 257
14.1.1 Adjective or adverb? ... 257
14.1.2 Verbs : negated modal auxiliaries ... 258
14.2 Noun Phrase structure ... 263
14.2.1 A lot of books ... 263
14.2.2 A giant of a man ... 267
14.3 Verb complementation ... 272
14.3.1 Verb + to - infinitive ... 274
14.3.2 Verb + NP + to - infinitive constructions : allow ... 277
14.3.3 Verb + NP + NP/AP/PP : small clauses ... 282
14.4 Concluding remarks ... 284
Key Concepts ... 285
Exercises ... 285
Further Reading ... 286
Glossary ... 287
Reference Works : Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Grammars ... 300
Bibliography ... 304
Index ... 307
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