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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
CHAPTER ONE Socio-Economic Structure, Human Needs, and Mutual Responsibility ... 1
Overview ... 1
The Impact of Social and Economic Structures ... 2
Defining Social ...
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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
CHAPTER ONE Socio-Economic Structure, Human Needs, and Mutual Responsibility ... 1
Overview ... 1
The Impact of Social and Economic Structures ... 2
Defining Social Welfare and Social Work ... 4
The American Myth of the Hero ... 5
New Forms of Blaming the Victim ... 8
The Authors' Perspective ... 10
Summary ... 13
Questions for Consideration ... 13
Notes ... 14
CHAPTER TWO Social Values and Social Welfare ... 16
Overview ... 16
Modem Views of Humanity ... 17
Self-Actualization versus Irritation Response Theories ... 18
Economics and Human Motivation ... 19
An Overview of History ... 20
Altruism and Mutual Aid ... 20
Ancient Cultures ... 22
Egypt ... 22
Sumer and Babylonia ... 23
Hebrew and Judaic Societies ... 24
Greece and Rome ... 26
Christianity ... 27
Byzantium : Christianity in the East ... 28
Holy Poverty and Expectations of the Wealthy ... 29
Eastern Cultures ... 30
China ... 30
India ... 32
Islam ... 33
Summary : Evolving Values and Social Welfare ... 33
Questions for Consideration ... 34
Notes ... 34
CHAPTER THREE Social Values and Social Welfare : England from the Middle Ages Onward ... 37
Overview ... 37
The Early Middle Ages ... 37
The Middle Middle Ages ... 39
The Late Middle Ages to Elizabethan Poor Laws ... 40
Work and Religion ... 44
The Poor Laws ... 48
The Poor Law Compilation of 1601 ... 49
Speenhamland ... 51
The Workhouse ... 53
The Poor Law of 1834 ... 54
Principles of the Poor Laws ... 55
Summary ... 57
Questions for Consideration ... 58
Notes ... 58
CHAPTER FOUR Social Values and Social Welfare : The American Experience Ⅰ ... 61
Overview ... 61
American Poor Law Mentality ... 61
Settlements, Labor, and Imported 'Poor Laws' ... 62
The Early Spanish Influence, the Mexicans, and Other Latinos ... 65
Voluntary Mutual Aid Efforts ... 67
Mutual Aid among African Americans ... 67
The American Frontier : The Myth and Values ... 71
Native Americans and U.S. History ... 73
The Federal Role in Social Welfare ... 76
The Freedmen's Bureau ... 77
Veterans and a Suspension of the Ethic ... 79
Social Darwinism ... 80
The Coming of Social Insurance ... 81
Society, Social Values, and Modern Views of Human Nature ... 82
Summary ... 83
Questions for Consideration ... 84
Notes ... 84
CHAPTER FIVE America, Poverty, Two Paths : The American Experience Ⅱ ... 88
Three Discoveries of Poverty ... 88
First Discovery ... 89
The Fading of the First Discovery ... 90
Second Discovery ... 90
Third Discovery ... 91
The War on Poverty ... 94
Expectation and Delivery ... 95
The 'Skirmish' against Poverty ... 96
Families, Children, and Poverty ... 98
Aid to Families with Dependent Children ('Welfare') ... 98
An Old-New Path ... 102
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families ... 104
Social Security ... 105
Contrasting Values and Aims ... 106
The Poor Laws Today ... 106
Human Nature and the American Dream ... 108
Summary ... 109
Questions for Consideration ... 109
Notes ... 109
CHAPTER SIX Concepts for Social Welfare ... 111
Overview ... 111
What Is Social Welfare? ... 111
Social Policy, Social Services, and Social Work ... 114
Social Policy ... 114
Social Services ... 114
Social Work ... 115
Ideology, Social Policy, and Government Intervention ... 115
The Federal and Pluralist System ... 121
The Economic Sphere ... 122
The Importance of Fiscal and Monetary Policy ... 126
An International Economy ... 128
A Second Welfare System - Corporate Welfare ... 129
A Changed World-New/Old Ideology, New Politics, New Economic Forces, New Social Policy, and New Social Services ... 130
A Changed Context ... 132
Summary ... 134
Questions for Consideration ... 134
Notes ... 134
CHAPTER SEVEN Examining a Social Welfare Program : Structural Components, Alternative Program Characteristics, and Evaluation ... 136
Overview ... 136
Structural Components ... 137
What Are the Needs and Goals to Be Met? ... 137
What Is the Form of Benefit That the Program Produces? ... 138
Who Is Eligible for the Program? ... 138
How Is the Program Financed? ... 139
What Is the Level of Administration? ... 141
Alternative Program Characteristics ... 142
Residual, Institutional, Developmental, or Socio-Economic Development ... 142
Selective or Universal ... 145
Benefits in Money, Services, or Utilities ... 149
Public or Private ... 151
Central or Local ... 151
Lay or Professional ... 153
Evaluating the Program ... 153
Adequacy ... 154
Financing ... 154
Coherence ... 157
Latent Consequences ... 157
Summary ... 158
Questions for Consideration ... 158
Notes ... 158
CHAPTER EIGHT The Welfare Society and Its Clients ... 160
Overview ... 160
Who Is a Client of Social Welfare? ... 160
What Is Poverty? ... 162
Absolute Poverty ... 162
Relative Poverty ... 165
Subjective Poverty ... 166
A Description of the Poor ... 166
Income and Wealth Inequality ... 172
The Effect of Some Government Programs ... 174
The Near-Poor and Expectations ... 176
Other Views of Poverty ... 177
Relative Inequality ... 178
Lack of Power, Access, and Inclusion ... 179
The Underclass/Culture of Poverty Thesis ... 180
Strategies for Fighting Poverty ... 181
Social Utilities ... 181
Investment in Human Capital ... 182
Income Transfers ... 183
Rehabilitation ... 183
Aggregative and Selective Economic Measures ... 184
Participation and Organization ... 186
Ideology Revisited ... 186
Summary ... 188
Questions for Consideration ... 189
Notes ... 189
CHAPTER NINE Current Social Welfare Programs - Economic Security ... 191
Overview ... 191
Social Insurance Programs ... 192
Social Security (OASDI) ... 192
Unemployment Compensation ... 205
Workers' Compensation ... 210
Income Support Programs ... 214
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ... 215
Supplemental Security Income ... 222
General Assistance ... 225
Earned Income Tax Credit ... 227
Summary ... 229
Questions for Consideration ... 229
Notes ... 230
CHAPTER TEN Social Welfare Programs : Sustaining the Quality of Life ... 232
Overview ... 232
Managed Care : A Radical Change ... 232
Major Organizational Types ... 234
Impact on Services and Practitioners ... 235
Proponents ... 235
Criticisms ... 235
Research on Quality of Care ... 236
Strategies to Achieve Profits ... 236
Public Criticism and Legislation ... 237
Social Work Roles ... 238
Health Care Programs ... 239
Medicare ... 239
Medicaid ... 244
Nutrition Programs ... 250
The Food Stamp Program ... 250
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children ... 252
School Lunch and Breakfast Programs ... 254
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance ... 255
Housing ... 256
Veterans' Benefits ... 259
Employment Programs ... 263
Personal Social Services ... 264
Services to Families ... 265
Services to Children ... 266
Title XX ... 269
Mental Health Services ... 271
Corrections ... 273
Summary ... 276
Questions for Consideration ... 276
Notes ... 276
CHAPTER ELEVEN Nonprofit and Private Social Welfare ... 279
Overview ... 279
Early Patterns ... 279
The Nonprofit Sector ... 280
Types of Nonprofit Agencies ... 281
The Proprietary Private For-Profit Organization ... 282
Services of the Nonprofit and Private Sectors ... 283
Getting and Spending ... 283
Private and Nonprofit Agencies as Social Welfare Programs ... 287
Family and Friends ... 288
A Point of View ... 290
Leadership, Class, and Gender ... 291
Private and Public Spheres ... 292
Uses of Public Funds and Power ... 292
Tax Laws and Policy ... 293
Accountability ... 294
National Policy ... 294
Marketplace and the Nonmarket Domain ... 295
The Family ... 296
Toward the Future ... 296
Summary ... 298
Questions for Consideration ... 298
Notes ... 298
CHAPTER TWELVE Social Work : The Emergence of a Profession ... 301
Overview ... 301
The Workers of 'Good Works' ... 302
The Process of Professionalization ... 307
A Brief History of Practice and Methods ... 308
Development of the Professional Association ... 312
Social Work with Groups ... 314
Community Organization and Social Planning ... 316
Toward a Unified Profession ... 318
Summary ... 319
Questions for Consideration ... 319
Notes ... 319
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Social Work : Functions, Context, and Issues ... 323
Overview ... 323
The Purposes of Social Work ... 323
The Professional within the Organizational Context ... 325
The Professional within Complex Organizations ... 325
Complex Organizations and Professional Culture ... 326
Complex Organizations and Authority ... 326
The Profession and Professional Autonomy ... 327
Alternative Roles and Settings ... 328
Society, the Functions of Social Work, and Services for People ... 328
The 'Bottom Line' ... 329
The Two Tracks of Social Work : Cause and Function ... 329
Generic-Specific Social Work ... 334
Professionals and Volunteers ... 336
The Number of Social Workers ... 337
The Impact of Managed Care ... 338
Racism, Sexism, and a Pluralistic Society ... 338
Summary ... 340
Questions for Consideration ... 340
Notes ... 340
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Social Trends Affecting Social Welfare ... 343
Overview ... 343
Growth, Demography, and Resources : International Perspectives ... 343
Growth and Demography : The United States ... 347
Population Growth ... 347
The Family ... 348
Aging ... 350
Fertility Rate ... 350
Productivity and the Service Economy ... 350
A National Society ... 352
Individual and Shared Goals ... 352
Ethnicity and Pluralism ... 353
Gender ... 355
Gays and Lesbians ... 357
The New Property ... 360
Additional Societal Issues Affecting Social Welfare ... 361
Technological Change ... 361
Crime ... 361
The Place of Social Welfare in a Changing Context ... 362
Summary ... 363
Questions for Consideration ... 363
Notes ... 363
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Alternative Programs to Meet Social Welfare Needs ... 367
Overview ... 367
Female Heads of Household, Children, and Poverty ... 368
Limitations of Current Programs ... 370
Improved Social Policy ... 371
A Set of Ideal Services ... 371
The Aging and Long-Term Home Health Care ... 373
Immigration ... 378
Implications ... 382
Persons with Disabilities ... 383
Civil Rights ... 384
Family and Medical Leave Act ... 385
Children, Learning, and Social Participation ... 386
General Social Services for Persons with Disabilities ... 387
Alternatives Facing the Practitioner ... 387
Technology and Social Action ... 389
Where We Are ... 391
Two Scenarios ... 394
Our Proposal ... 394
Summary ... 395
Questions for Consideration ... 395
Notes ... 396
APPENDIX Sources of Information ... 401
Index ... 405
About the Authors ... 415
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