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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
1. The Origins of Physiological Psychology ... 1
Prologue ... 2
Understanding Self-Awareness: A Physiological Approach ... 3
Blindsight ... 3
Split Brains ... 4
...
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CONTENTS
Preface ... xiii
1. The Origins of Physiological Psychology ... 1
Prologue ... 2
Understanding Self-Awareness: A Physiological Approach ... 3
Blindsight ... 3
Split Brains ... 4
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 6
The Nature of Physiological Psychology ... 7
The Goals of Research ... 7
Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology ... 8
Functionalism: Natural Selection and Evolution ... 11
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 14
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals ... 14
Careers in Neuroscience ... 17
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 18
Epilogue ... 20
Key Concepts ... 22
New Terms ... 22
Suggested Readings ... 22
2. Cells of the Nervous System ... 23
Prologue ... 24
Cells of the Nervous System ... 25
Neurons ... 25
Supporting Cells of the Nervous System ... 29
The Blood-Brain Barrier ... 32
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 33
Neural Communication ... 33
An Overview ... 34
Measurement of Electrical Potentials of Axons ... 35
The Membrane Potential : Balance of Two Forces ... 37
The Action Potential ... 40
Conduction of the Action Potential ... 42
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 45
Synaptic Transmission ... 45
Structure of Synapses ... 46
Release of Transmitter Substance ... 47
Activation of Receptors ... 48
Postsynaptic Potentials ... 50
Termination of the Postsynaptic Potential ... 53
Autoreceptors ... 54
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 54
Epilogue ... 55
Key Concepts ... 57
New Terms ... 57
Suggested Readings ... 58
3. Drugs and Behavior ... 59
Prologue ... 60
Transmitter Substances ... 60
The Concept of Chemical Communication ... 61
Acetylcholine ... 62
The Monoamines ... 63
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters ... 65
Peptides ... 67
Lipids ... 67
Soluble Gases ... 67
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 68
Pharmacology of Synapses ... 68
Effects on Production of Transmitter Substances ... 68
Effects on Storage and Release of Transmitter Substances ... 69
Effects on Receptors ... 70
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Transmitter Substances ... 71
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 72
Drugs That Affect Behavior ... 72
Drugs That Cause Sedation ... 72
Drugs That Cause Excitation ... 75
Drugs That Modify Perceptions or Produce Hallucinations ... 76
Psychotherapeutic Drugs ... 77
Analgesic Dugs ... 78
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 79
Epilogue ... 80
Key Concepts ... 81
New Terms ... 81
Suggested Readings ... 81
4. Structure and Functions of the Nervous System ... 82
Prologue ... 83
Basic Features of the Nervous System ... 84
An Overview ... 85
Meninges ... 85
The Ventricular System ... 86
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 88
The Central Nervous System ... 88
Development of the Central Nervous System ... 88
The Forebrain ... 90
The Midbrain ... 97
The Hindbrain ... 98
The Spinal Cord ... 98
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 100
The Peripheral Nervous System ... 100
Spinal Nerves ... 100
Cranial Nerves ... 101
Autonomic Nervous System ... 101
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 104
Epilogue ... 104
Key Concepts ... 106
New Terms ... 106
Suggested Readings ... 107
5. Methods and Strategies of Research ... 108
Prologue ... 109
Experimental Ablation ... 110
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage ... 110
Producing Brain Lesions ... 111
Stereotaxic Surgery ... 113
Histological Methods ... 114
Tracing Neural Connections ... 116
Study of the Living Human Brain ... 119
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 121
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity ... 122
Recording of Neural Activity ... 122
Recording the Brain's Metabolic and Synaptic Activity ... 124
Measuring the Brain's Secretions ... 125
Stimulating Neural Activity ... 127
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 128
Neurochemical Methods ... 129
Finding Neurons that Produce Particular Neurochemicals ... 129
Localizing Particular Receptors ... 132
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 133
Epilogue ... 133
Key Concepts ... 134
New Terms ... 135
Suggested Readings ... 135
6. Vision ... 136
Prologue ... 137
The Stimulus ... 137
Anatomy of the Visual System ... 139
The Eyes ... 139
Photoreceptors ... 141
Connections Between Eye and Brain ... 142
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 144
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina ... 144
Coding of Light and Dark ... 145
Coding of Color ... 146
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 150
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex ... 150
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex ... 150
Orientation and Movement ... 151
Spatial Frequency ... 152
Retinal Disparity ... 154
Color ... 154
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex ... 155
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 155
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex ... 156
Two Streams of Visual Analysis ... 156
Perception of Color ... 157
Analysis of Form ... 158
Perception of Movement ... 161
Perception of Location ... 163
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 165
Epilogue ... 166
Key Concepts ... 167
New Terms ... 168
Suggested Readings ... 168
7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses ... 169
Prologue ... 170
Audition ... 171
The Stimulus ... 171
The Ear ... 172
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory information ... 174
The Auditory Pathway ... 176
Detection of Pitch ... 177
Detection of Loudness ... 178
Detection of Timbre ... 178
Detection of the Location of Sounds ... 179
Behavioral Functions of the Auditory System ... 180
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 181
Vestibular System ... 182
The Vestibular Apparatus ... 182
The Receptor Cells ... 183
The Vestibular Pathway ... 183
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 185
Somatosenses ... 185
The Stimuli ... 185
Anatomy of The Skin and Its Receptive Organs ... 186
Detection of Cutaneous Stimulation ... 186
The Somatosensory Pathways ... 188
Perception of Pain ... 189
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 191
Gustation ... 191
The Stimuli ... 191
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells ... 192
Detection of Gustatory Information ... 193
The Gustatory Pathway ... 193
Neural Coding of Taste ... 194
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 194
Olfaction ... 195
The Stimulus ... 195
Anatomy of the 01factory Apparatus ... 195
Transduction of Olfactory Information ... 196
Detection of specific Odors ... 197
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 197
Epilogue ... 198
Key Concepts ... 200
New Terms ... 200
Suggested Readings ... 201
8. Control of Movement ... 202
Prologue ... 203
Muscles ... 204
Skeletal Muscle ... 204
Smooth Muscle ... 206
Cardiac Muscle ... 206
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 206
Reflexive Control of Movement ... 207
The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex ... 207
The Gamma Motor System ... 207
A Polysynaptic Reflex ... 209
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 209
Control of Movement by the Brain ... 210
Organization of Motor Cortex ... 210
Cortical Control of Movement ... 211
Deficits of Verbally Controlled Movements: The Apraxias ... 214
The Basal Ganglia ... 216
The Cerebellum ... 219
The Reticular Formation ... 221
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 221
Epilogue ... 222
Key Concepts ... 224
New Terms ... 224
Suggested Readings ... 224
9. Sleep ... 225
Prologue ... 226
A Physiological and Behavioral Description ... 227
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 230
Why Do We Sleep? ... 231
Sleep as an Adaptive Response ... 231
Sleep as a Restorative Process ... 232
The Functions of REM Sleep ... 236
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 237
Disorders of sleep ... 238
Insomnia ... 238
Problems Associated with REM Sleep ... 239
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep ... 241
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 241
Biological Clocks ... 241
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers ... 241
Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ... 243
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 245
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking ... 245
Chemical Control of Sleep ... 245
Neural Control of Arousal ... 246
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep ... 249
Neural Control of REM Sleep ... 250
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 254
Epilogue ... 254
Key Concepts ... 256
New Terms ... 256
Suggested Readings ... 257
10. Reproductive Behavior ... 258
Prologue ... 259
Sexual Development ... 260
Production of Gametes and Fertilization ... 260
Development of the Sex Organs ... 261
Sexual Maturation ... 263
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 265
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior ... 266
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles ... 266
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals ... 267
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization ... 268
Effects of Pheromones ... 269
Human Sexual Behavior ... 272
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 278
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior ... 279
Males ... 280
Females ... 282
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 283
Materna1 Behavior ... 284
Maternal Behavior in Rodents ... 284
Stimuli That Elicit and Maintain Maternal Behavior ... 285
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior ... 286
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior ... 287
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 288
Epilogue ... 289
Key Concepts ... 290
New Terms ... 291
Suggested Readings ... 291
11. Emotion and Stress ... 292
Prologue ... 293
Emotions as Response Patterns ... 294
Neural Control of Emotional Response Patterns ... 294
Perception of Stimuli with Emotional Significance ... 297
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 302
Expression and Recognition of Emotions ... 303
Facial Expression of Emotions : Innate Responses ... 303
Neural Basis of Communication of Emotions ... 304
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 306
Feelings of Emotions ... 307
The James-Lange Theory ... 307
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 308
Aggressive Behavior ... 308
Nature and Functions of Aggressive Behavior ... 308
Neural Control of Aggressive Behavior ... 309
Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior ... 310
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 313
Stress ... 313
Stress and Health ... 314
Physiology of the Stress Response ... 314
The Coping Response ... 316
Stress and Cardiovascular Disease ... 317
Psychoneuroimmunology ... 318
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 322
Epilogue ... 322
Key Concepts ... 324
New Terms ... 325
Suggested Readings ... 325
12. Ingestive Behavior ... 326
Prologue ... 327
Physiological Regulatory Systems ... 328
Drinking ... 329
Some Facts about Fluid Balance ... 329
Two Types of Thirst ... 330
Neural Mechanisms of Thirst ... 333
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 334
Eating and Metabolism ... 335
Absorption, Fasting, and the Two Nutrient Reservoirs ... 335
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 338
What Starts a Meal? ... 338
Social and Environmental Factors ... 339
Dietary Selection : Responding to the Consequences ... 339
Depletion of Nutrients ... 340
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 343
What Stops a Meal? ... 343
Head Factors ... 344
Gastric Factors ... 344
Intestinal Factors ... 345
Liver Factors ... 346
Long-Term Satiety Factors ... 346
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 346
Neural Mechanisms ... 347
Brain Stem ... 347
Hypothalamus ... 348
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 351
Eating Disorders ... 352
Obesity ... 352
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa ... 354
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 355
Epilogue ... 356
Key Concepts ... 357
New Terms ... 358
Suggested Readings ... 358
13. Learning and Memory ... 359
Prologue ... 360
The Nature of Learning ... 361
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 365
Perceptual Learning ... 365
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 369
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity ... 369
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation ... 369
Role of NMDA Receptors ... 371
Mechanism of Synaptic Strengthening ... 373
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 376
S-R Learning ... 376
Classical Conditioning ... 376
Instrumental Conditioning ... 378
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 384
Relational Learning ... 384
Human Anterograde Amnesia ... 385
Spared Learning Abilities ... 386
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals ... 389
A Theory of Hippocampal Functioning ... 393
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 395
Epilogue ... 396
Key Concepts ... 397
New Terms ... 398
Suggested Readings ... 398
14. Human Communication ... 399
Prologue ... 400
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms ... 401
Lateralization ... 401
Speech Production ... 402
Speech Comprehension ... 405
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech ... 413
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 414
Reading and Writing Disorders ... 416
Relation to Aphasia ... 416
Pure Alexia ... 416
Toward an Understanding of Reading ... 418
Toward an Understanding of Writing ... 422
Developmental Dyslexias ... 424
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 425
Epilogue ... 426
Key Concepts ... 428
New Terms ... 428
Suggested Readings ... 428
15. Neurological Disorders ... 429
Prologue ... 430
Tumors ... 431
Seizure Disorders ... 433
Cerebrovascular Accidents ... 437
IMTERIM SUMMARY ... 438
Disorders of Development ... 439
Toxio Chemicals ... 439
Inherited Metabolic Disorders ... 439
Down Syndrome ... 441
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 441
Degenerative Disorders ... 442
Parkinsons Disease ... 442
Alzhemers Disease ... 442
Multiple Sclerosis ... 444
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 445
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases ... 445
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 446
Epilogue ... 447
Key Concepts ... 448
New Terms ... 448
Suggested Readings ... 449
16. Mental Disorders ... 450
Prologue ... 451
Schizophrenia ... 452
Description ... 452
Heritability ... 453
The Dopamine Hypothesis ... 454
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder ... 456
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 458
Major Affective Disorders ... 459
Description ... 459
Heritability ... 460
Physiological Treatments ... 460
The Monoamine Hypothesis ... 462
Role of Circadian Rhythms ... 463
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 465
Anxiety Disorders ... 466
Panic Disorder ... 466
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ... 467
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 470
Addiction ... 471
Characteristics of Addictive Substances ... 471
Genetics of Addiction ... 477
INTERIM SUMMARY ... 479
Concluding Remarks ... 480
Epilogue ... 481
Key Concepts ... 482
New Terms ... 483
Suggested Readings ... 483
Glossary ... 484
References ... 502
Name Index ... 524
Subject Index ... 530
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