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CONTENTS
Preface ... xvii
PART Ⅰ MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION AND ITS RESPONSE TO OUR NATION'S INCREASING DIVERSITY ... 1
CHAPTER ONE : Multicultural Education ... 3
OVERVIEW ... 3
MULTICULT...
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CONTENTS
Preface ... xvii
PART Ⅰ MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION AND ITS RESPONSE TO OUR NATION'S INCREASING DIVERSITY ... 1
CHAPTER ONE : Multicultural Education ... 3
OVERVIEW ... 3
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION FOR CULTURALLY PLURALISTIC SCHOOLS ... 3
Definition ... 3
Principles ... 4
Concepts ... 6
Goals ... 6
Assumptions ... 8
Myths and Misconceptions ... 10
A Brief Historical Overview ... 11
The Influence of Court Decisions ... 13
Interdisciplinary Approaches ... 14
THE EFFECTIVE MULTICULTURAL EDUCATOR ... 15
Challenges of Designing Multicultural Education Programs ... 16
Ethnocentrism ... 17
Developing Positive Cultural Identities ... 18
Racism ... 20
White Privilege ... 20
Stereotypes, Prejudices, and Generalizations ... 22
Myths and Realities ... 23
Understanding Learners from Culturally Different Backgrounds ... 23
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION ... 24
SUMMING UP ... 25
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 25
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 26
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 26
CHAPTER TWO : An Increasingly Multicultural Society ... 28
OVERVIEW ... 28
HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ... 29
THE CULTURALLY DIFFERENT : DEMOGRAPHICS ... 30
African Americans ... 31
American Indians ... 33
Arab Americans ... 34
Asian Americans ... 36
European Americans and Other Cultural Groups ... 38
Hispanic Americans ... 39
UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY ... 40
Culture ... 40
Race ... 41
Ethnicity ... 41
Gender ... 41
Sexual Orientation ... 43
Individual ... 44
Socioeconomic Factors ... 46
CHALLENGES IN A CULTURALLY DIVERSE SOCIETY ... 46
The Cultural Deficit Model ... 47
The Cultural Mismatch Model ... 47
The Culturally Different Model ... 47
UNDERSTANDING AND REDUCING RACISM ... 49
UNDERSTANDING AND DISPELLING STEREOTYPES ... 50
HELPING LEARNERS DEVELOP POSITIVE CULTURAL IDENTITIES ... 52
SUMMING UP ... 52
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 52
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 53
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 53
PART Ⅱ UNDERSTANDING LEARNERS AND THEIR CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS ... 55
CHAPTER THREE : Understanding African American Children and Adolescents ... 57
OVERVIEW ... 57
ORIGINS ... 58
AFRICAN AMERICANS TODAY ... 58
STEREOTYPING OF AFRICAN AMERICAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 60
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ... 60
Gender ... 63
Socioeconomic Status ... 64
Families ... 67
Religion ... 68
Language ... 68
ACHIEVEMENT LEVELS ... 70
LEARNING STYLES : CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS ... 73
SCHOOL PRACTICES IMPENDING AFRICAN AMERICANS' PROGRESS ... 75
PROMOTING POSITIVE SELF-ESTEEM AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES ... 77
SUMMING UP ... 81
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 81
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 82
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 82
EXPANDING YOUR STUDENTS' HORIZONS : APPROPRIATE AFRICAN AMERICAN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 83
CHAPTER FOUR : Understanding American Indian Children and Adolescents ... 84
OVERVIEW ... 84
ORIGINS ... 85
AMERICAN INDIANS TODAY ... 85
STEREOTYPING OF AMERICAN INDIAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 86
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ... 86
Gender ... 91
Socioeconomic Status ... 92
Families ... 93
Religion ... 95
Language ... 96
ACHIEVEMENT LEVELS ... 97
LEARNING STYLES : CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS ... 104
SCHOOL PRACTICES IMPEDING AMERICAN INDIANS' PROGRESS ... 104
PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM AND POSITIVE CULTURAL IDENTITIES ... 106
SUMMING UP ... 107
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 108
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 108
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 109
EXPANDING YOUR STUDENTS' HORIZONS : APPROPRIATE AMERICAN INDIAN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 109
CHAPTER FIVE : Understanding Arab American Children and Adolescents ... 111
OVERVIEW ... 111
THE ARAB AMERICAN PEOPLE ... 112
Origins ... 112
Arab Americans Today ... 114
STEREOTYPING OF ARAB AMERICAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 114
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ... 118
Gender ... 119
Socioeconomic Status ... 121
Families ... 122
Religion ... 123
Language ... 124
ACHIEVEMENT LEVELS ... 125
SCHOOL PRACTICES IMPEDING ARAB AMERICAN PROGRESS ... 126
PROMOTING POSITIVE SELF-ESTEEM AND CULTURAL IDENTITY ... 127
SUMMING UP ... 127
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 129
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 130
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 130
EXPANDING YOUR STUDENTS' HORIZONS : APPROPRIATE ARAB AMERICAN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 131
CHAPTER SIX : Understanding Asian American Children and Adolescents ... 133
OVERVIEW ... 133
ORIGINS ... 134
ASIAN AMERICANS TODAY ... 135
STEREOTYPING OF ASIAN AMERICAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 135
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ... 137
Gender ... 140
Socioeconomic Status ... 140
Families ... 141
Religion ... 143
Language ... 143
ACHIEVEMENT LEVELS ... 146
LEARNING STYLES : CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS ... 149
SCHOOL PRACTICES IMPEDING ASIAN AMERICANS' PROGRESS ... 149
PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES ... 151
SUMMING UP ... 154
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 154
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 155
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 155
EXPANDING YOUR STUDENTS' HORIZONS : APPROPRIATE ASIAN AMERICAN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 156
CHAPTER SEVEN : Understanding European American Children and Adolescents ... 157
OVERVIEW ... 157
ORIGINS ... 157
EUROPEAN AMERICANS TODAY ... 161
STEREOTYPING OF EUROPEAN AMERICAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 162
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ... 163
Gender ... 166
Socioeconomic Status ... 166
Families ... 166
Religion ... 169
Language ... 170
LEARNING STYLES : CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS ... 173
SCHOOL PRACTICES IMPEDING EUROPEAN AMERICANS' PROGRESS ... 174
PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM AND CULTURAL IDENTITY ... 175
SUMMING UP ... 176
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 177
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 177
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 178
EXPANDING YOUR STUDENTS' HORIZONS : APPROPRIATE EUROPEAN AMERICAN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 179
CHAPTER EIGHT : Understanding Hispanic American Children and Adolescents ... 180
OVERVIEW ... 180
ORIGINS ... 180
HISPANIC AMERICANS TODAY ... 181
STEREOTYPING OF HISPANIC AMERICAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 182
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS ... 184
Gender ... 186
Socioeconomic Status ... 186
Families ... 188
Religion ... 190
Language ... 190
ACHIEVEMENT LEVELS ... 193
LEARNING STYLES : CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS ... 196
SCHOOL PRACTICES IMPEDING HISPANIC AMERICANS' PROGRESS ... 199
PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM AND POSITIVE CULTURAL IDENTITIES ... 201
SUMMING UP ... 203
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 203
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 204
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 204
EXPANDING YOUR STUDENTS' HORIZONS : APPROPRIATE HISPANIC AMERICAN BOOKS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ... 205
PART Ⅲ TEACHING AND LEARNING IN A DIVERSE SOCIETY ... 207
CHAPTER NINE : Curricular Efforts ... 209
OVERVIEW ... 209
TOWARD CULTURAL DIVERSITY ... 210
THE ILLUSION OF CHANGE AND PROGRESS ... 211
The Continuing Need for Change in Educational Practices ... 212
FROM ILLUSION TO REALITY : RESPONDING TO RACISM, DISCRIMINATION, ETHNOCENTRISM, AND STEREOTYPES ... 213
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING A MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM ... 214
The Total School Environment ... 214
Reform Efforts ... 214
Guidelines for Developing Multicultural Curricula ... 215
The Hidden Curriculum ... 217
GUIDELINES FOR A MULTICULTURAL CURRICULUM ... 218
Assessing the Need for Curricular Change ... 219
Selecting Bias-Free Curricular and Teaching and Learning Materials ... 220
Evaluating Curricular Efforts ... 222
A MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION UNIT ... 225
Considerations ... 225
Example ... 225
THE UNIT : UNJUST TREATMENT OF PEOPLE OF CULTURALLY DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS ... 225
Rational ... 225
Objectives and Activities ... 225
Language Arts ... 226
Mathematics ... 226
Science ... 226
Social Studies ... 227
Art ... 227
Music ... 227
Other Resources ... 228
Other Topics for Multicultural Units ... 229
EXTENDING THE MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM ... 230
Parental and Community Involvement ... 230
EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES ... 232
SUMMING UP ... 234
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 234
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 235
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 235
CHAPTER TEN : Instructional Practices ... 237
OVERVIEW ... 237
VALUING INDIVIDUAL AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ... 238
Recognizing and Accepting Diversity ... 238
EFFECTIVE EDUCATORS IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS ... 240
Knowledge ... 240
Attitudes ... 240
Skills ... 242
Behaviors Essential in Multicultural Classrooms ... 244
EDUCATOR SELF-EVALUATION ... 245
ORGANIZATION AND INSTRUCTION - CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS ... 247
Ability Grouping ... 248
Cooperative Learning ... 248
Language Differences ... 250
THE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT ... 252
Working toward a Multicultural School Environment ... 252
PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM AND POSITIVE CULTURAL IDENTITIES ... 256
DIVERSITY AMONG FACULTY AND STAFF ... 258
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ... 258
Socioeconomic and Class Differences ... 258
The Role of Parents and Families ... 259
LEARNER EVALUATION ... 260
Evaluating Learners' Progress ... 260
SUMMING UP ... 261
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 261
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 262
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 262
CHAPTER ELEVEN : Individual and Cultural Differences ... 263
OVERVIEW ... 263
THE REALITY OF INDIVIDUAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY ... 264
DIFFERENCES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON LEARNING ... 265
Achievement, Intelligence, and Cognitive Processes ... 265
Self-Esteem ... 267
Gender ... 268
DEVELOPMENTAL LEVELS AND COGNITIVE READINESS ... 269
Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values ... 270
Motivation ... 270
Socioeconomic Class ... 273
EXCEPTIONALITIES ... 273
The Dangers of Labeling and Erroneous Placement ... 273
Disabling Conditions ... 275
Gifted and Talented ... 275
LANGUAGE ... 276
Dialect Differences ... 277
Language and Culture : Inseparable Relationships ... 278
Multicultural Programs Emphasizing Language Diversity ... 278
Effective Strategies for Linguistically Different Learners ... 278
Bilingual Education and English as a Second Language ... 280
CELEBRATING AND RESPONDING TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY ... 282
BUILDING CULTURAL IDENTITIES ... 284
Learning Styles ... 285
SUMMING UP ... 287
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 287
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 287
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 288
CHAPTER TWELVE : Parents and Families of Culturally Diverse Backgrounds ... 289
OVERVIEW ... 289
INVOLVING AND EDUCATING PARENTS AND FAMILIES ... 290
The Advantages of Parent Involvement and Education ... 290
Understanding Both Immediate and Extended Families ... 291
Reasons Parents Might Resist Teachers' Efforts ... 291
UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL DIVERSITY ... 294
EFFECTIVE PARENT INVOLVEMENT PROGRAMS ... 296
Parents and Families of Culturally Different Backgrounds ... 298
VISITING PARENTS AND FAMILIES IN THE HOME ... 300
COMMUNICATION ... 301
INVOLVING PARENTS AND FAMILIES AS VOLUNTEERS ... 303
PARENT-TEACHER CONFERENCES ... 305
PARENT ADVISORY COUNCILS ... 306
PARENT AND FAMILY EDUCATION ... 308
Rationale for Parent Education Programs ... 308
SPECIAL NEEDS OF PARENTS AND FAMILIES ... 309
Formats of Parent Education Programs ... 309
Helping Parents Understand Their Roles and School Expectations ... 310
SUMMING UP ... 311
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 312
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 312
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 313
CHAPTER THIRTEEN : Administrators and Special School Personnel ... 314
OVERVIEW ... 314
ADMINISTRATORS, FACULTY, AND STAFF : TOWARD TOTAL SCHOOL EFFORTS ... 315
THE ROLES OF ADMINISTRATORS IN MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION ... 317
FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CLASSROOM EDUCATORS : WORKING WITH ADMINISTRATORS ... 319
EVALUATION OF ADMINISTRATORS' EFFORTS AND COMMITMENT ... 321
THE ROLE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION IN THE MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION PROGRAM ... 321
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT ... 322
LEGAL PERSPECTIVES ... 323
From the Perspective of Classroom Educators : Working with Special-Education Teachers ... 324
LIBRARY MEDIA SPECIALISTS ... 326
Selecting Culturally Appropriate Print and Nonprint Media ... 327
Coordinating Efforts with Classroom Educators ... 327
From the Perspective of Classroom Educators : Working with Library Media Specialists ... 327
COUNSELORS' ROLES IN MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION ... 329
Understanding and Counseling ... 329
American Indians ... 330
African Americans ... 330
Arab Americans ... 330
Asian Americans ... 331
Hispanic Americans ... 331
European Americans ... 331
Testing and Assessment ... 332
From the Perspective of Classroom Educators : Working with Counselors ... 333
COMMUNICATIONS DISORDER SPECIALISTS ... 335
Roles in Multicultural Education ... 335
From the Perspective of Classroom Educators : Working with the Communications Disorder Specialist ... 337
SERVICE LEARNING ... 339
SUMMING UP ... 339
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 341
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 341
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 342
PART Ⅳ THE FUTURE OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION ... 343
CHAPTER FOURTEEN : sues for the Twenty-First Century ... 345
OVERVIEW ... 345
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION AS A CONCEPT ... 346
Scope of Multicultural Education ... 346
Differences between Stated Ideals and Practice ... 346
Approaches to Race, Class, and Gender ... 346
RACISM, DISCRIMINATION, AND INJUSTICE ... 348
Lingering Racism and Discrimination ... 348
BLAMING THE VICTIM ... 349
More Humanistic Perspectives ... 350
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT ... 350
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION ... 352
Dialects ... 352
Bilingual Education ... 353
English as a Second Language ... 354
Nonverbal Communication ... 355
ACCEPTING THE RESPONSIBILITY TO BE PROFESSIONALLY QUALIFIED AND COMMITTED ... 356
Ensuring Cultural Diversity in All Curricular Materials ... 357
Ensuring That Multicultural Emphasis Permeates All Curricular Areas and the School Environment ... 358
Involving Parents, Families, and the Community ... 358
SUMMING UP ... 359
SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITIES ... 359
SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS ... 360
EXPANDING YOUR HORIZONS : ADDITIONAL JOURNAL READINGS AND BOOKS ... 360
References ... 363
Author Index ... 377
Subject Index ... 381
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