목차 일부
CONTENTS
ONE How to Make Orderly Observations ... 1
Psychology as a Science ... 3
Quantitative Designs ... 5
Qualitative Designs ... 14
Quantitative versus Qualitative Designs ... 20
Us...
더보기
목차 전체
CONTENTS
ONE How to Make Orderly Observations ... 1
Psychology as a Science ... 3
Quantitative Designs ... 5
Qualitative Designs ... 14
Quantitative versus Qualitative Designs ... 20
Using Methods in Combination ... 21
Summary ... 23
TWO How to Do Experiments ... 26
Variables ... 26
Threats to Internal Validity ... 32
Summary of the Experimental Method ... 38
Summary ... 40
THREE How to Get an Experimental Idea ... 42
Fearing Experimental Ideas ... 43
Observation ... 47
Vicarious Observation ... 51
Expanding on Your Own Research ... 53
Using Theory to Get Ideas ... 54
Importance of Psychological Research ... 66
Summary ... 67
FOUR How to Be Fair with Participants ... 69
Treating Human Participants Fairly ... 70
Treating Animals Fairly ... 88
Summary ... 95
FIVE How to Be Fair with Science ... 97
Dirty Tricks ... 99
Questionable Tricks ... 104
Neat Tricks ... 108
Summary ... 110
SIX How to Find Out What Has Been Done ... 112
Why Search the Literature? ... 112
The Timeliness of Sources ... 114
Formal Sources ... 116
Informal Sources ... 128
Summary ... 130
SEVEN How to Decide Which Variables to Manipulate and Measure ... 132
Choosing an Independent Variable ... 132
Choosing a Dependent Variable ... 137
Summary ... 148
EIGHT How to Decide on a Between-Subjects versus Within-Subject Design ... 150
Between-Subjects Experiments ... 152
Within-Subject Experiments ... 154
Matching ... 169
Summary ... 173
NINE How to Plan Single-Variable, Multiple-Variable, and Converging-Series Experiments ... 174
Single-Variable Experiments ... 174
Factorial Designs ... 182
Converging-Series Designs ... 189
Summary ... 194
TEN How to Design Nontraditional Research ... 196
Quasi-Experiments (and Nonexperimental Designs) ... 196
Single-Subject and Small-N Baseline Designs ... 207
Survey Research ... 215
Summary ... 227
ELEVEN How to Tell When You Are Ready to Begin ... 231
The Have-a-Nice-Day Society ... 232
Questions before You Begin ... 233
Summary ... 243
TWELVE How to Interpret Experimental Results ... 245
Plotting Frequency Distributions ... 246
Statistics for Describing Distributions ... 249
Plotting Relationships between Variables ... 252
Describing the Strength of a Relationship ... 256
Interpreting Results from Factorial Experiments ... 258
Inferential Statistics ... 262
Meta-Analysis ... 265
Using Computers to Help Interpret Results ... 267
Summary ... 268
THIRTEEN How to Report Experimental Results ... 271
How APA Style Differs from Other Writing ... 273
Parts of a Report ... 276
Reducing Language Bias ... 285
Writing Style ... 286
A Sample Report ... 288
Presentations at Conferences ... 303
Summary ... 309
EPILOGUE ... 311
APPENDIX A How to Do Basic Statistics ... 313
APPENDIX B Statistical Tables ... 329
APPENDIX C Table of Random Numbers ... 341
GLOSSARY ... 343
REFERENCES ... 353
INDEX ... 361
더보기 닫기