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Preface
CHAPTER Ⅰ WHY SHOULD WE DISCUSS PRESIDENTIAL COVERAGE?
Overview of Book ... 19
Why Is Presidential Coverage Significant? ... 22
Presidential News Is Growing Important ... 25
Why Do...
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Preface
CHAPTER Ⅰ WHY SHOULD WE DISCUSS PRESIDENTIAL COVERAGE?
Overview of Book ... 19
Why Is Presidential Coverage Significant? ... 22
Presidential News Is Growing Important ... 25
Why Does Presidential Coverage Matter? ... 27
CHAPTER Ⅱ PRESIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA'S STORY FRAMING
PRESIDENTIAL PERSPECTIVES
Presidential Discontent With Media Coverage of Them ... 35
Presidential Coverage Was Positive : Grossman and Kumar Study ... 38
Story Types and Temporal Patterns of Presidential Coverage ... 43
Presidential Tactics (1) : Control and Manipulation ... 47
Presidential Tactics (2) : Negotiation and Cooperation ... 54
Presidential Tactics (3) : Cooperation and Intimidation ... 57
Presidential Tactics (4) : News Management ... 60
Publicity Machine of President George W. Bush ... 64
(1) Strategy Level : People and Instruments
(2) The Operations Level : Carrying Strategy into Messages and Appearances
(3) The Implementation Level : 'Winning the Picture'
(4) Control of Departmental Publicity Operations : Root Causes of Success for the Bush Communications Team
Presidential Techniques for Projecting Positive Images ... 72
(1) Projecting Personal Qualities
(2) Projecting Leadership Qualities
(3) Projecting Policymaker's Images
(4) Utilizing News Conferences
MEDIA PERSPECTIVES
Media's Framing of Presidential Images ... 82
(1) America's Imperial Media : 'Frame the Presidents!'
(2) Presidential News Selection : Important or Interesting?
(3) Categories of Presidential Activities and Presidential News
(4) Four Frames of Presidential News and Presidential Images
(5) Superficiality and Triviality of Presidential Coverage
Media Adversarialism as Ritual ... 92
Thr Nature of White House Beat : Depressing or Encouraging? ... 94
Characteristics of White House Reporters ... 96
Can Generalists Cover the President Better? ... 97
Presidential Coverage as Products of Rules and Routines ... 99
Presidential Images as Contrasted with Other Concepts ... 100
(1) Presidential News Stories vs. Presidential Photographs
(2) Presidential Media Images vs. Political Reality
(3) Presidential Media Images vs. Media Effects on Audiences
(4) Presidential Images vs. Public Relations
Summary of Discussion and Research Questions ... 106
CHAPTER Ⅲ HOW SHALL WE ANALYZE PRESIDENTIAL COVERAGE?
Time Periods for Research ... 111
The New York Times ... 111
The Kyunghyang Daily News(The Kyunghyang Shinmun) ... 112
Scope and Definition of Presidential Stories and Photos ... 113
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Presidential Coverage ... 117
Operational Definition of Five-Step Coding Scale ... 119
Earl Babbie's Advice on Content Analysis ... 122
Triangulation for Comprehensive Interpretation ... 124
CHAPTER Ⅳ THE NEW YORK TIMES AND GEORGE WALKER BUSH
Qualitative Analysis : How did the Newspaper Portray Bush? ... 127
Period Ⅰ. Bush's Inauguration and One Month in Office ... 127
Positive Coverage ... 128
(1) Perfectly Positive Image : Inauguration, Jubilation, Successful Transition, and Appointments.
(2) The Image of a National Leader, Conciliator or Unifier
(3) The Image of a Policymaker
(4) The Image of a Decisive Military Leader
(5) The Image of a Person in Charge : Making Appointments
(6) The Image of an International Leader
(7) Personal Qualities : Intimate and Favorable Coverage
Negative Coverage ... 141
Neutral Coverage ... 143
Period Ⅱ. September 11 Attacks and Bush's Decision to Retaliate ... 143
Positive Coverage ... 144
(1) The Image of a Crisis Leader or Military Leader
(2) The Image of a National Soother
(3) Personal Qualities and First Family
(4) Other Stories That Depict Bush Positively
Negative Coverage ... 153
Neutral Coverage ... 155
Period Ⅲ. War in Afghanistan ... 156
Positive Coverage ... 156
(1) The Image of a Decisive Military Leader
(2) The Image of an International Leader
(3) Presidential Image Making through First Lady
(4) Other Stories That Depict Bush Positively
Negative Coverage ... 162
(1) Stories and Columns Conveying Opposition to Bush's War Plan
(2) Other Stories That Depict Bush Negatively
Neutral Coverage ... 166
Period Ⅳ. War in Iraq ... 166
Positive Coverage ... 167
(1) The Image of a Military Leader
(2) The Image of an International Leader
(3) Personal Qualities : Intimate Coverage
(4) War Reports Affecting Mr. Bush Favorably
(5) Other Stories Affecting Mr. Bush Favorably
Negative Coverage ... 181
(1) Bush's War Decision Criticized
(2) Other Stories That Affect Bush Negatively
Neutral Coverage ... 188
Quantitative Analysis : How Favorable was the Newspaper to Bush? ... 190
Triangulation : Comprehensive Intepretation of Research Findings ... 193
Period Ⅰ. Bush's Inauguration
Period Ⅱ. September 11th Attacks
Period Ⅲ. Afghan War
Period Ⅳ. War in Iraq
Research Questions Revisited and Findings ... 197
CHAPTER Ⅴ. THE KYUNGHYANG DAILY NEWS AND ROH MOO HYUN
Qualititative Analysis : How did the Newspaper Portray Roh? ... 206
Period Ⅰ. Roh's Inauguration and One Month in Office ... 206
Positive Coverage ... 207
(1) Low-Key Inauguration, Mood of Changes, and Transition with Mixed Evaluations
(2) The Image of a National Leader or Conciliator
(3) The Image of a Policymaker
(4) The Image of a Decisive Leader, Person in Charge, and a Person Making Appointments
(5) The Image of an International Player
(6) Personal Qualities : Roh's Candor and Anti-Authoritarianism
(7) The Image of a New Style Leader : Open-Minded, Reformist
(8) The Image of a Hard Worker and Busy Person
(9) Story about the First Lady
(10) Roh's Attitude to Media : Openness
Negative Coverage ... 227
(1) Opposition and Criticism from Political Opponents
(2) Resistance to Roh's Reforms from inside the Administration
(3) Conflicts Within the Blue House, Investigation of the Blue House Personnel and Presidential Relatives
(4) Editorials and Columns Criticizing Roh
Neutral Coverage ... 234
Period Ⅱ. President Roh's Proposal of Confidence Vote ... 235
Positive Coverage ... 236
(1) Proposal of Confidence Vote and Follow-Up Stories
(2) Roh as a Policymaker and an International Player
(3) Other Stories Favoring Mr. Roh
(4) Roh's Attitude to Media : Inviting Editors to Dinner
Negative Coverage ... 243
(1) Criticism of Roh's Proposal of Confidence Vote
(2) Conflicts within the Blue House and Investigation of Aides
(3) Criticisms of Policymaking
Neutral Coverage ... 252
Period Ⅲ. Pre-Impeachment of President Roh ... 252
Positive Coverage ... 255
(1) Image of a Strong-Willed Politician Confronting Impeachment Drive From Opposition Parties
(2) Image of a Patriotic Leader
(3) Image of a Clean Leader
Negative Coverage ... 257
(1) Impeachment Offensives by Opposition Politicians
(2) Investigation of Roh's Election Funds and his Aides
Neutral Coverage ... 261
Peiod Ⅳ. President Roh Moo Hyun Impeached ... 261
Positive Coverage ... 263
(1) Criticisms of Impeachment and Anti-Impeachment Protests
(2) Personal Qualities of Imeached Roh
(3) Columns and Editorials Criticizing Impeachment
(4) Other Stories That Favor Roh
Negative Coverage ... 272
Neutral Coverage ... 274
Period Ⅴ. Victory in General Election on April 15, 2004 ... 275
Positive Coverage ... 275
(1) Roh Regaining Confidence and Adverse Effects of Impeachment
(2) Image of Roh as a Conciliator
(3) Roh as a Political Leader Contemplating Future Courses
(4) Roh in Charge of Affairs Contemplating Cabinet Reshuffle
(5) Roh as a Reformer Again
Negative Coverage ... 281
(1) Criticisms against Self-Conceit of Roh and his Party
(2) Persistent Irregularities of Roh's Aides and Relatives
Neutral Coverage ... 283
Period Ⅵ. Roh's Resumption of Presidential Office ... 283
Positive Coverage ... 284
(1) Constitutional Court Upholds Roh Presidency and Celebration
(2) Roh's Personal and Intimate Qualities
(3) Roh as a Reformer and Policymaker
(4) Image of National Conciliator : 'Live and Let Live'
(5) Roh in Charge of Affairs Contemplating Cabinet Reshuffle
(6) Other Stories That Favor President Roh
Negative Coverage ... 290
(1) Roh's Careless Words and his Narrow-Mindedness
(2) Roh's Ill Treatment of Ko Kun and Insistence on Kim Hyuk Kyoo
(3) Roh's Restriction on Media Access Faulted
Neutral Coverage ... 292
Quantitative Analysis : How Favorable was the Newspaper to Roh? ... 293
Triangulation : Comprehensive Interpretation of Roh Coverage ... 296
Period Ⅰ. Roh's Inauguration
Period Ⅱ. Confidence Vote?
Period Ⅲ. Pre-Impeachment
Period Ⅳ. Roh Impeached!
Period Ⅴ. Victory in General Election
Period Ⅵ. Resumption of Presidential Office
Research Questions Revisited ... 305
CHAPTER Ⅵ. POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE PORTRAYAL OF PRESIDENCY
Presidential Coverage in Review ... 311
Portrayal of George W. Bush ... 311
Portrayal of Roh Moo Hyun ... 314
Comparison of Two Newspapers ... 318
How do News Media Portray the President? ... 324
When and How Can News Media Criticize the President? ... 328
(1) Presidential Loss of Credibility with the Media and Public
(2) Personal Crises, Scandals, or Power Struggles
(3) Organized Political Opposition and Lack of News Management
(4) Divided Elite
When and How Can News Media Flatter the President? ... 332
CHAPTER Ⅶ CONCLUDING REMARKS
Summary of Book ... 337
How can Media Portray Presidents Positively or Negatively? ... 344
Limitations and Future Questions ... 348
KOREAN SUMMARY ... 355
EPILOGUE ... 405
REFERENCES ... 408
APPENDICES ... 411
Appendix A : List of New York Times Stories
Appendix B : List of Kyunghyang Daily Stories
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