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CONTENTS
PREFACE ... xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... xv
1 : POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS : AN OVERVIEW ... 1
The Police-Community Environment ... 2
Defining Police-Community Relations ... 3
Acceptance...
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ... xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... xv
1 : POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS : AN OVERVIEW ... 1
The Police-Community Environment ... 2
Defining Police-Community Relations ... 3
Acceptance of the Concept of Police-Community Relations ... 4
Acceptance as a Sign of Progress ... 4
Tight Finances and Their Effects ... 5
A Historical Perspective ... 5
Selling the Police to the People ... 7
Internalizing Community Relations ... 14
Systems and Communities ... 16
The Many Communities in Community Relations ... 18
Conclusions ... 20
2 : PUBLIC RELATIONS AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS : A CONTRAST ... 26
Public Relations and / or Community Relations ... 27
Common Framework for Analyzing Community and Public Relations ... 30
Processes Involved in the Activity ... 32
Citizen Involvement ... 35
Program Examples ... 38
Conclusions ... 45
3 : COMMUNITY POLICING ... 57
The Police in the United States ... 58
The Evolution of Police Service Models ... 59
The Development of Community Police Models ... 63
The Current Status of Community Policing ... 68
Community Policing Applications ... 71
Recommendations for Implementing Community Policing ... 76
Conclusions ... 79
4 : THE PUBLIC AND THE POLICE : A CONSORTIUM OF COMMUNITIES ... 83
The External Communities ... 85
The Internal Communities ... 94
Conclusions ... 96
5 : RELATIONS WITHIN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION ... 103
Life Inside a Police Organization ... 104
The Formal Organization ... 104
Organizational Units ... 107
The Informal Organization ... 111
Police Organizational Considerations ... 112
Dealing with Other Employees ... 116
Dealing with Subordinates ... 118
Dealing with Peers ... 120
Conclusions ... 121
6 : POLICE ROLE CONCEPT IN A CHANGING SOCIETY ... 125
Great Expectations ... 126
Perception ... 127
Role Concept ... 132
The Police Officer's Role ... 133
Police Role Conflict ... 136
Formation of Role Concepts ... 137
The Media and Role Concepts ... 139
Factors and Conditions of Change ... 140
The Paradoxes of Police Practice ... 143
Toward a Realistic Role Concept ... 144
Toward a Congruent Role ... 145
Elements of Change ... 145
Criteria for Change ... 147
Policing in a Changing Society ... 147
Conclusions ... 149
7 : COPING WITH THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE OF BEING A COP ... 154
Change and the Police ... 155
What Policing Does to the Police ... 156
The Social Hazards of Policing ... 157
Health Hazards ... 161
Coping with Being a Cop ... 168
Conclusions ... 173
8 : THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS ... 177
Communication in Action ... 178
The Process of Communication ... 179
Modes of Interpersonal Communication ... 181
Verbal and Paralanguage Cues ... 182
Kinesics and Proxemics Cues ... 186
Symbolic Cues ... 190
Official Communication ... 191
Effective Listening ... 191
Empathy ... 193
Blocks to Effective Communication ... 194
Strategies of Change ... 199
Conclusions ... 201
9 : POLICE DISCRETION AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS ... 207
Discretion in the System ... 208
Selective and Discriminatory Enforcement ... 210
Decision Making at an Administrative Level ... 212
Decision Making at an Operational Level ... 214
Justifications for Selective Enforcement ... 216
The Question of Professionalism ... 220
Legal Authority for Selective Enforcement ... 221
Writs of Mandamus ... 223
Selective Enforcement and Appropriate Guidelines ... 224
Structuring Police Discretion ... 226
Looking Toward Tomorrow ... 228
Conclusions ... 229
10 : THE MEDIA LINK ... 234
Massive Media Impact ... 235
Community Relations Context ... 236
Commitment to Crime Coverage ... 236
Exploitation of Crime News ... 238
Public Reaction to Media Coverage ... 239
Conflict Between Media and Police ... 241
A Clear Need for Guidelines ... 243
Setting Guidelines ... 252
Ongoing Problems ... 257
Strategies for the Future ... 257
New Mutual Goals ... 261
Conclusions ... 262
11 : SPECIAL POPULATIONS AND THE POLICE ... 268
Special Problems for the Police ... 269
Understanding the Young ... 270
Understanding the Elderly ... 273
Understanding the Disabled ... 277
Youth, the Elderly, and the Disabled : Shared Problems ... 283
Youth, the Elderly, and the Disabled : A Few Contrasts ... 289
The Problems with Programs ... 290
A New Approach ... 291
Conclusions ... 294
12 : COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF CULTURE ... 300
The Cultural Context of Community Relations ... 302
Cross-Cultural Factors ... 306
Improving Community Relations in the Context of Culture ... 324
Conclusions ... 329
13 : THE DILEMMAS OF DISSENT AND POLITICAL RESPONSE ... 334
Dissent : Catalyst of Progress ... 335
Arenas for Dissent ... 341
Strategies of Dissent and Response ... 344
Escalation and De-escalation of Conflict ... 349
Outcomes ... 352
The Battle of Seattle ... 359
Conclusions ... 362
14 : CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ... 366
Maintaining an Orderly Community ... 367
Crisis Negotiations ... 368
A Broader Concept ... 370
Conflict Intervention at the Community Level ... 378
Conclusions ... 380
15 : COMMUNITY CONTROL : A CONTINUUM OF PARTICIPATION ... 384
The Concept of Community Control ... 385
Development of Community Control ... 387
Systems and Community Values ... 389
Two Types of Community Control ... 391
Conclusions ... 400
16 : POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM ... 403
World and National Events ... 404
Improving Police Community Relations in the New Millennium ... 406
Choosing a Community-Specific Strategy ... 407
Conclusions ... 408
Appendix : Case Studies ... 411
Index ... 417
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