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CONTENTS
Preface ... xvii
PART ONE : THE SUPERVISOR IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION ... 1
Chapter1 The Dynamics of Police Organizations ... 3
Learning Objectives ... 3
Introduction ... 4
...
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CONTENTS
Preface ... xvii
PART ONE : THE SUPERVISOR IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION ... 1
Chapter1 The Dynamics of Police Organizations ... 3
Learning Objectives ... 3
Introduction ... 4
The Concept of Organizations ... 4
The Evolution of Organizational Theory ... 5
Scientific Management ... 6
Bureaucratic Management ... 6
Administrative Theory ... 10
POSDCORB ... 10
Unity of Command ... 12
Span of Control ... 13
Policies, Procedures, and Rules and Regulations ... 13
The Emergence of Humanism ... 15
McGregor's Theory X/Theory Y ... 16
The Systems Approach ... 18
Rationales and Purposes of Police Organizational Design ... 19
Factors That Influence Organization ... 21
The Informal Organization ... 21
Police Culture and Inertia ... 21
Employee Organizations and Unions ... 23
Contemporary Approaches : Community Policing and Problem Solving ... 23
New Philosophy and Practices ... 23
A Case Study in Change : Hayward, California ... 24
Summary ... 25
Items for Review ... 26
References ... 26
Chapter2 Role and Responsibilities ... 28
Learning Objectives ... 28
Introduction ... 29
The Supervisory Role ... 30
A Complex Position ... 30
Police Supervisory Tasks ... 33
Types of Supervisors ... 35
The Manager's Role ... 36
Getting That First Promotion : Assuming the Supervisory Role ... 39
Seeking Promotion ... 39
Obtaining Promotion ... 40
Differences by Agency Size ... 42
Supervision of Patrol Officers ... 45
The Police Culture ... 46
The Ideal Versus the Real ... 47
Managing and Supervising Police Operations ... 49
Patrol ... 49
Criminal Investigations ... 50
Other Responsibilities ... 52
Case Studies ... 54
Summary ... 55
Items for Review ... 56
References ... 56
Chapter3 Leadership and Motivation Within the Police Organization ... 58
Learning Objectives ... 58
Introduction ... 59
Supervisors and Managers as Leaders ... 60
A Problem of Definition ... 60
Developing Leadership Skills ... 61
Power, Authority, and Leadership ... 62
Motivation Theory ... 64
Toward Attaining Goals ... 64
Content Theories ... 65
Process Theories ... 71
Leading Versus Managing ... 73
Leadership Theories ... 74
Trait Theory ... 74
Behavioral Theories ... 75
Situational Leadership ... 78
Contingency Theory ... 79
Transformational Leadership ... 80
Power and Leadership ... 81
Leadership Styles ... 82
Likert's Leadership System ... 83
Downs's Bureaucratic Leadership Styles ... 86
Station House Sergeants and Street Sergeants ... 87
When Leaders Adopt a Customer Focus ... 88
Team Building ... 90
Why Teamwork? ... 90
Building a Successful Team ... 90
Why Leaders Fail ... 91
Case Studies ... 94
Summary ... 95
Items for Review ... 96
References ... 96
Chapter4 Communication and Negotiation ... 98
Learning Objectives ... 98
Introduction ... 99
The Act of Communicating ... 100
A Large Part of the Workday ... 100
The Communication Process ... 100
Formal and Informal Communication ... 102
Barriers to Effective Communication ... 104
Perceptual Problems ... 105
Physical Barriers ... 105
Improving Communication in Police Agencies ... 107
The Art of Negotiating ... 107
Definition and Function ... 107
Approaches to Negotiating ... 108
The Prenegotiation Stage ... 109
Personal Factors Affecting Negotiations ... 109
Negotiation Tactics ... 110
Guidelines for Conducting Negotiations ... 111
Negotiation by Police Managers and Supervisors ... 112
Coping with Conflict ... 113
The Nature of Organizational Conflict ... 113
Levels of Conflict ... 114
Sources of Conflict in Police Organizations ... 116
Case Studies ... 122
Summary ... 124
Items for Review ... 124
References ... 125
PART TWO : SUPERVISING HUMAN RESOURCES ... 127
Chapter5 Training and Professional Development ... 129
Learning Objectives ... 129
Introduction ... 130
Rationale and Types of Training ... 130
Contemporary Police Training : Roles of Supervisors and Managers ... 131
Methods of Police Instruction ... 132
Basic or Academy Training ... 132
Problem-Based Learning ... 138
Field Training Officer Programs ... 138
Roll Call Training ... 143
In-Service Training ... 143
Assessing Training Needs ... 144
Materials and Teaching Aids ... 148
Supervisory and Management Professional Development ... 151
Requisite Skills ... 151
Training ... 152
Higher Education ... 155
Literature ... 155
Professional Organizations ... 157
The Superior Officer as Trainer ... 158
Liability Issues ... 159
Case Studies ... 160
Summary ... 163
Items for Review ... 163
References ... 164
Chapter6 Evaluation Methods and Performance Appraisal ... 166
Learning Objectives ... 166
Introduction ... 167
Productivity Measurement ... 168
What Is Productivity? ... 168
Traditional Views ... 171
Planning and Problem Solving ... 173
Performance Appraisal ... 175
Rationale and Purposes ... 176
Overview of Performance Appraisal ... 179
Defining Rating Criteria ... 180
Choosing Among Rating Forms ... 181
Appraisal in Action : Commanding Officers Under New York City's COMPSTAT Program ... 185
Community Policing and Performance Appraisal ... 186
Improving Rater Performance ... 186
Rater Errors ... 188
Rater Training ... 189
Different Approaches to Appraisal ... 191
Using Peer and Self-Evaluations ... 191
Subordinate Appraisal of Supervisors ... 192
Providing Appraisal Feedback ... 193
Effectiveness of Performance Appraisals ... 194
What Works? Reasons for Ineffectiveness ... 194
Performance Targeting ... 195
Case Studies ... 195
Summary ... 197
Items for Review ... 198
References ... 198
Chapter7 Stress, Wellness, and Employee Assistance Programs ... 201
Learning Objectives ... 201
Introduction ... 202
Understanding Police Stress ... 203
Dimensions and Process ... 203
Patterns During a Career ... 205
Sources of Police Stress ... 207
Organizational Sources ... 207
The Criminal Justice System ... 208
The Public ... 209
Stressors Intrinsic to Police Work ... 209
Dealing with Stress ... 211
Potential Officer Afflictions ... 211
Negative Effects on the Agency ... 213
Social Support Systems ... 213
Employee Wellness Programs ... 214
Employee Assistance Programs ... 215
Alcohol Abuse and Counseling ... 216
Drug Abuse and Counseling ... 217
In Brief : How Supervisors and Managers Can Help ... 218
Case Studies ... 219
Summary ... 221
Items for Review ... 221
References ... 221
Chapter8 Ethics, Inappropriate Behaviors, and Liability ... 223
Learning Objectives ... 223
Introduction ... 224
Laying the Foundations of Ethics : Two Opening Scenarios ... 225
Does the End Justify the Means? ... 225
You and the Oral Interview ... 225
What Does the Oral Board Want to Hear? ... 225
Ethics, Generally ... 226
Philosophical Foundations ... 226
Types of Ethics ... 227
Challenges for Police Leaders ... 229
Codes of Ethics and Conduct ... 229
The Vital Role of Supervisors and Managers ... 233
Inappropriate Police Behaviors ... 234
Officer Lying and Deception ... 235
Gratuities and Corruption ... 236
Improper Use of Authority and Force ... 239
Improper Sexual Relations ... 244
Sexual Harassment ... 245
Departmental Guidelines ... 246
Civil Liability and Police Supervision ... 247
Case Studies ... 250
Summary ... 251
Items for Review ... 252
References ... 252
Chapter9 Officers' Rights, Discipline, and Appeals ... 254
Learning Objectives ... 254
Introduction ... 255
Officers' Rights and Limitations ... 256
Peace Officers Bill of Rights ... 256
Free Speech ... 257
Searches and Seizures ... 257
Self-Incrimination ... 258
Religious Practices ... 258
Sexual Misconduct ... 259
Residency Requirements ... 259
Moonlighting ... 260
Misuse of Firearms ... 260
Alcohol and Drug Testing in the Workplace ... 261
Disciplinary Policies and Practices ... 262
A Tradition of Problems ... 262
The Need for Policies and Guidelines ... 263
When Trouble Happens : The Nature and Investigation of Complaints ... 264
Complaint Origin ... 264
Types and Receipt ... 265
The Supervisor's Role in Internal Affairs Investigations ... 267
Determination and Disposition ... 268
Level and Nature of Action ... 270
Grievances and Appeals ... 272
Formally Processing Grievances ... 272
Appealing Disciplinary Measures ... 274
Responding to Problem Officers : The Early Warning System ... 275
Purposes and Functions ... 275
Benefits and Potential Drawbacks ... 276
Developing a Preventive Policy ... 278
A "Hot Button" Issue : Racial Profiling ... 279
Legal Considerations ... 281
Case Studies ... 282
Summary ... 283
Items for Review ... 284
References ... 284
PART THREE : SUPERVISION THE WORK OF POLICE ... 287
Chapter10 Deploying and Scheduling Personnel ... 289
Learning Objectives ... 289
Introduction ... 290
Patrol Planning ... 291
Resource Allocation ... 292
Early Research ... 292
Determining Patrol Force Size ... 293
Other Allocation Issues ... 296
Workload Analysis ... 296
Basic Approaches ... 296
Deployment by Time and Location ... 297
Car Plans ... 300
Use of Computer Models ... 301
Alternative Patrol Responses ... 301
Why Respond to Every Call? Seeking Alternatives ... 301
Call Management : Prioritizing Calls for Service ... 304
Other Alternative Responses ... 305
Shift Scheduling ... 307
General Recommendations ... 307
Permanent Versus Rotating Shifts : Advantages and Debilitating Effects ... 308
Assigning Officers to Shifts ... 310
Compressed Work Schedules ... 310
Split and Overlapping Shifts ... 314
Labor Considerations ... 314
Deployment Strategies ... 316
Basic Officer Plan ... 316
Split Force ... 316
Special Units ... 316
Directed Patrol ... 317
Community Policing and Problem Solving ... 317
A Related Consideration : Managing Overtime ... 318
The Influence of Unions ... 319
Case Studies ... 319
Summary ... 321
Items for Review ... 321
References ... 322
Chapter11 On Patrol : Special Problems and Operations ... 324
Learning Objectives ... 324
Introduction ... 325
The Scope of Patrol Operations ... 326
Domestic Violence Situations ... 326
Danger and Liability ... 326
Leadership Rejoinder ... 328
Crimes in Progress ... 328
Lethal Potential ... 328
Leadership Rejoinder ... 330
Street Drug Enforcement ... 330
Drug Related Criminality ... 331
Leadership Rejoinder ... 332
Youth Gangs ... 333
Extent, Nature, Activities ... 333
Leadership Rejoinder ... 335
Societal Responses ... 336
School Violence ... 337
"What's Happened to Our Children?" ... 337
Leadership Rejoinder ... 337
Vehicular Pursuits ... 339
A High-Stakes Operation ... 339
The Supreme Court's View ... 340
Supervisory Roles and Liability ... 341
When All Hell Breaks Loose : Notifying Managers and Supervisors ... 344
Case Studies ... 344
Summary ... 346
Items for Review ... 346
References ... 346
Chapter12 Disasters, Critical Incidents, and Homeland Defense ... 349
Learning Objectives ... 349
Introduction ... 350
Establishing Command and Control : The Incident Command System ... 351
Need for an Incident Command System ... 351
Initial Duties and Responsibilities ... 352
Tactical Concerns ... 354
Mutual Aid Agreements ... 355
Disasters : Natural and Accidental Calamities ... 356
When Natural Rages... ... 356
Major Fires, Airplane Crashes, Hazardous Materials ... 357
Critical Incidents : Hostage, Riot, and Bomb Situations ... 361
Barricaded Persons and Hostages ... 361
Civil Disorders and Riot Control ... 363
Bomb Incidents ... 365
Use of Tactical Units ... 366
Terrorism and Homeland Defense ... 367
A Nation Changed and Challenged ... 367
Definitions and Types ... 368
A Looming Threat : Bioterrorism ... 371
Local Law Enforcement Responses ... 371
Emergency Response Checklist and Lessons Learned ... 372
Technology Needs ... 373
Case Studies ... 375
Summary ... 376
Items for Review ... 376
References ... 377
Chapter13 Community Policing and Problem Solving ... 379
Learning Objectives ... 379
Introduction ... 380
The Extent and Nature of Community Policing and Problem Solving Practices : An Overview ... 381
A "Sweep" of the Nation ... 381
A Change in Philosophy and Methods : An Illustration ... 383
The S.A.R.A. Process ... 386
Implementation and Leadership Issues ... 390
The Key to Success : First-Line Supervisors ... 391
Executives and Managers ... 393
Valuing the Line Officer ... 395
Another Management and Supervisory Dilemma : Gaining Time for Officers to Solve Problems ... 395
Other Important Considerations ... 397
How to Fail ... 399
Case Studies ... 401
Summary ... 403
Items for Review ... 403
References ... 403
PART FOUR : EPILOGUE ... 405
Chapter14 Future Trends and Challenges ... 407
Learning Objectives ... 407
Introduction ... 408
The Need for a Futuristic View ... 409
Predicting the Future ... 410
Scanning, Scenario Writing, Drivers ... 410
A Changing Society, a Changing Future ... 411
Demographics ... 411
Crime ... 412
Anticipated Changes in Policing ... 413
Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving ... 415
High Technology : New Developments - and Problems ... 417
Other Internal Factors That Will Affect Policing ... 420
The Rank and File ... 421
Participative Management ... 421
Flattening the Organization ... 422
Quality of Life Within Police Agencies ... 422
In Sum : Questions for the Future ... 423
Case Studies ... 424
Summary ... 425
Items for Review ... 426
References ... 426
APPENDIX ... 429
Advice That Has Stood the Test of Time : Some Practical Counsel ... 429
Analects of Confucius and Machiavelli ... 430
Cues for Today's Supervisors and Managers ... 431
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