목차 일부
CONTENTS
Preface ... 9
Introduction The Nature and Aims of <B><FONT color ... #0000
PARTⅠ The Framework of <B><FONT color ... #0000
1 The Searchers : The History of <B><FONT color ... #0000
T...
더보기
목차 전체
CONTENTS
Preface ... 9
Introduction The Nature and Aims of <B><FONT color ... #0000
PARTⅠ The Framework of <B><FONT color ... #0000
1 The Searchers : The History of <B><FONT color ... #0000
The Speculative Phase ... 20
The Beginnings of Modern <B><FONT color ... #0000
Classification and Consolidation ... 34
A Turning Point in <B><FONT color ... #0000
World <B><FONT color ... #0000
Summary ... 48
Further Reading ... 48
2 What is Left? : The Variety of the Evidence ... 49
Basic Categories of Archaeological Evidence ... 49
Formation Processes ... 52
Cultural Formation Processes - How People Have Affected What Survives in the Archaeological Record ... 54
Natural Formation Processes - How Nature Affects What Survives in the Archaeological Record ... 55
Summary ... 70
Further Reading ... 70
3 Where? : Survey and Excavation of Sites and Features ... 71
Discovering Archaeological Sites and Features ... 72
Assessing the Layout of Sites and Features ... 89
Excavation ... 106
Summary ... 116
Further Reading ... 116
4 When? : Dating Methods and Chronology ... 117
RELATIVE DATING ... 118
Stratigraphy ... 118
Typological Sequences ... 120
Linguistic Dating ... 124
Climate and Chronology ... 125
ABSOLUTE DATING ... 128
Calendars and Historical Chronologies ... 129
Annual Cycles : Varves and Tree-Rings ... 133
Radioactive Clocks ... 137
Trapped Electron Dating Methods ... 150
Calibrated Relative Methods ... 155
Chronological Correlations ... 161
World Chronology ... 162
Summary ... 170
Further Reading ... 170
PARTⅡ Discovering the Variety of Human Experience ... 171
5 How Were Societies Organized? : Social <B><FONT color ... #0000
Establishing the Nature and Scale of the Society ... 174
Further Sources of Information for Social Organization ... 182
Techniques of Study for Mobile Hunter-Gatherer Societies ... 190
Techniques of Study for Segmentary Societies ... 194
Techniques of Study for Chiefdoms and States ... 203
The <B><FONT color ... #0000
Investigating Gender ... 218
The Molecular Genetics of Social Groups and Lineages ... 222
Summary ... 224
Further Reading ... 224
6 What Was the Environment? : Evironmental <B><FONT color ... #0000
Investigating Environments on a Global Scale ... 225
Studying the Landscape ... 232
Reconstructing the Plant Environment ... 239
Reconstructing the Animal Environment ... 247
Reconstructing the Human Environment ... 255
Summary ... 268
Further Reading ... 268
7 What Did They Eat? : Subsistence and Diet ... 269
What Can Plant Foods Tell Us About Diet? ... 270
Information from Animal Resources ... 282
Investigating Diet, Seasonality, and Domestication from Animal Remains ... 286
How Were Animal Resources Exploited? ... 301
Assessing Diet from Human Remains ... 305
Summary ... 310
Further Reading ... 310
8 How Did They Make and Use Tools? : Technology ... 311
Unaltered Materials : Stone ... 315
Other Unaltered Materials ... 327
Synthetic Materials ... 335
Archaeometallurgy ... 339
Summary ... 349
Further Reading ... 350
9 What Contact Did They Have? : Trade and Exchange ... 351
The Study of Interaction ... 351
Discovering the Sources of Traded Goods : Characterization ... 358
The Study of Distribution ... 367
The Study of Production ... 373
The Study of Consumption ... 377
Exchange and Interaction : The Complete System ... 378
Summary ... 384
Further Reading ... 384
10 What Did They Think? : Cognitive <B><FONT color ... #0000
Investigating How Human Symbolizing Faculties Evolved ... 387
Working with Symbols ... 391
From Written Source to Cognitive Map ... 391
Establishing Place : The Location of Memory ... 397
Measuring the World ... 399
Planning : Maps for the Future ... 402
Symbols of Organization and Power ... 404
Symbols for the Other World : The <B><FONT color ... #0000
Depiction : Art and Representation ... 412
Summary ... 420
Further Reading ... 420
11 Who Were They? What Were They Like? : The <B><FONT color ... #0000
Identifying Physical Attributes ... 422
Assessing Human Abilities ... 432
Disease, Deformity, and Death ... 438
Assessing Nutrition ... 451
Population Studies ... 452
Ethnicity and Evolution ... 455
Summary ... 459
Further Reading ... 460
12 Why Did Things Change? : Explanation in <B><FONT color ... #0000
Migrationist and Diffusionist Explanations ... 463
The Processual Approach ... 465
The Form of Explanation : General or Particular ... 474
Attempts at Explanation : One Cause or Several? ... 476
Postprocessual or Interpretive Explanation ... 483
Cognitive-Processual <B><FONT color ... #0000
Summary ... 495
Further Reading ... 496
PARTⅢ The World of <B><FONT color ... #0000
13 <B><FONT color ... #0000
The Oaxaca Projects : The Origins and Rise of the Zapotec State ... 500
Research Among Hunter-Gatherers : Kakadu National Park, Australia ... 509
Khok Phanom Di : The Origins of Rice Farming in Southeast Asia ... 516
York and the Public Presentation of <B><FONT color ... #0000
Further Reading ... 532
14 Whose Past? : <B><FONT color ... #0000
The Meaning of the Past : The <B><FONT color ... #0000
Who Owns the Past? ... 536
The Uses of the Past ... 542
Conservation and Destruction ... 546
Who Interprets and Presents the Past? ... 558
<B><FONT color ... #0000
Summary ... 563
Further Reading ... 564
Glossary ... 565
Notes and Bibliography ... 574
Acknowledgments ... 619
Index ... 622
더보기 닫기