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CONTENTS
<B><FONT color ... #0000
Preface to First Edition ... ⅴ
Preface to Second Edition ... ⅶ
Glossary of Plant Species ... xiii
Part Ⅰ : NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Introduction, Definition, and ...
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CONTENTS
<B><FONT color ... #0000
Preface to First Edition ... ⅴ
Preface to Second Edition ... ⅶ
Glossary of Plant Species ... xiii
Part Ⅰ : NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Introduction, Definition, and Classification of Mineral Nutrients ... 3
2. Ion Uptake Mechanisms of Individual Cells and Roots : Short Distance Transport ... 6
2.1 General ... 6
2.2 Pathway of Solutes from the External Solution into the Cells ... 7
2.3 Structure and Composition of Membranes ... 12
2.4 Solute Transport Across Membranes ... 18
2.5 Characteristics of Ion Uptake by Root ... 30
2.6 Uptake of Ions and Water Along the Root Axis ... 63
2.7 Radial Transport of Ions and Water Across the Root ... 65
2.8 Release of Ions into the Xylem ... 70
2.9 Factors Affecting Ion Release into the Xylem and Exudation Rate ... 73
3. Long-Distance Transport in the Xylem and Phloem and its Regulation ... 79
3.1 General ... 79
3.2 Xylem Transport ... 81
3.3 Phloem Transport ... 92
3.4 Relative Importance of Phloem and Xylem for Long-Distance Transport of Mineral
Nutrients ... 99
3.5 Remobilization of Mineral Nutrients ... 107
4. Uptake and Release of Mineral Elements by Leaves and Other Aerial Plant Parts ... 116
4.1 Uptake and Release of Gases and Other Volatile Compounds through Stomata ... 116
4.2 Uptake of Solutes ... 119
4.3 Foliar Application of Mineral Nutrients ... 123
4.4 Leaching of Mineral Elements From Leaves ... 128
5. Yield and the Source-Sink Relationships ... 131
5.1 General ... 131
5.2 Photosynthesis and Related Processes ... 131
5.3 Respiration and Oxidative Phosphorylation ... 142
5.4 Phloem Transport of Assimilates and its Regulation ... 144
5.5 Shift in the Sink-Source Relationship ... 152
5.6 Role of Phytohormones in the Regulation of Sink-Source Relationships ... 157
5.7 Source and Sink Limitations on Growth Rate and Yield ... 176
6. Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response ... 184
6.1 General ... 184
6.2 Leaf Area Index and Net Photosynthesis ... 186
6.3 Mineral Nutrient Supply, Sink Formation, and Sink Activity ... 190
6.4 Mineral Nutrition and the Sink-Source Relationships ... 196
7. Nitrogen Fixation ... 201
7.1 General ... 201
7.2 Biological Nitrogen-Fixing Systems ... 201
7.3 Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation ... 203
7.4 Symbiotic Systems ... 205
7.5 Amounts of Nitrogen Fixed in Symbiotic Systems, and Transfer in Mixed Stands ... 221
7.6 Free-Living and Associative Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms ... 222
7.7 Outlook ... 228
8. Functions of Mineral Nutrients : Macronutrients ... 229
8.1 Classification and Principles of Actions of Mineral Nutrients ... 229
8.2 Nitrogen ... 231
8.3 Sulfur ... 255
8.4 Phosphorus ... 265
8.5 Magnesium ... 277
8.6 Calcium ... 285
8.7 Potassium ... 299
9. Functions of Mineral Nutrients : Micronutrients ... 313
9.1 Iron ... 313
9.2 Manganese ... 324
9.3 Copper ... 333
9.4 Zinc ... 347
9.5 Nickel ... 364
9.6 Molybdenum ... 369
9.7 Boron ... 379
9.8 Chlorine ... 396
10. Beneficial Mineral Elements ... 405
10.1 Definition ... 405
10.2 Sodium ... 405
10.3 Silicon ... 417
10.4 Cobalt ... 426
10.5 Selenium ... 430
10.6 Aluminum ... 433
10.7 Other Mineral Elements ... 434
11. Relationships between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases and Pests ... 436
11.1 General ... 436
11.2 Fungal Diseases ... 438
11.3 Bacterial and Viral Diseases ... 449
11.4 Soilborne Fungal and Bacterial Diseases ... 451
11.5 Pests ... 454
11.6 Direct and Indirect Effects of Fertilizer Application on Diseases and Pests ... 457
12. Diagnosis of Deficiency and Toxicity of Mineral Nutrients ... 461
12.1 Nutrient Supply and Growth Response ... 461
12.2 Diagnosis of Nutritional Disorders by Visible Symptoms ... 462
12.3 Plant Analysis ... 463
12.4 Histochemical and Biochemical Methods ... 477
12.5 Plant Analysis versus Soil Analysis ... 478
PartⅡ : PLANT-SOIL RELATIONSHIPS
13. Nutrient Availability in Soils ... 483
13.1 Chemical Soil Analysis ... 483
13.2 Movement of Nutrients to the Root Surface ... 483
13.3 Role of Root Density ... 498
13.4 Nutrient Availability and Distribution of Water in Soils ... 500
13.5 Role of Soil Structure ... 503
13.6 Intensity : Quantity Ratio, Plant Factors, and Consequences for Soil Testing ... 505
14. Effect of Internal and External Factors on Root Growth and Development ... 508
14.1 General ... 508
14.2 Carbohydrate Supply ... 509
14.3 Root Morphology, Hormonal Interactions ... 510
14.4 Soil Chemical Factors ... 513
14.5 Rhizosphere Microorganisms ... 525
14.6 Soil Physical Factors ... 527
14.7 Shoot /Root Ratio ... 535
15. The Soil-Root Interface(Rhizosphere)in Relation to Mineral Nutrition ... 537
15.1 General ... 537
15.2 Ion Concentration in the Rhizosphere ... 537
15.3 Rhizosphere pH and Redox Potential ... 541
15.4 Rhizodeposition and Root Exudates ... 547
15.5 Noninfecting Rhizosphere Microorganisms ... 561
15.6 Mycorrhizas ... 566
15.7 Role of Mycorrhizas in Mineral Nutrition of Their Host Plant ... 574
15.8 Role of Mycorrhizas in Heavy Metal Tolerance ... 585
15.9 Mycorrhizal Responsiveness ... 587
15.10 Other Mycorrhizal Effects ... 590
15.11 Mycorrhizas : Practical Implications ... 594
16. Adaptation of Plants to Adverse Chemical Soil Conditions ... 596
16.1 Natural Vegetation ... 596
16.2 High-Input versus Low-Input Approach ... 598
16.3 Acid Mineral Soils ... 605
16.4 Waterlogged and Flooded Soils ... 626
16.5 Alkaline Soils ... 641
16.6 Saline Soils ... 657
Referances ... 681
Index ... 862
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