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Essays in Labor Economics
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| 자료유형 | 학위논문 |
|---|---|
| 서명/저자사항 | Essays in Labor Economics. |
| 개인저자 | O'Keefe, Siobhan Montgomery. |
| 단체저자명 | University of California, Davis. Economics. |
| 발행사항 | [S.l.]: University of California, Davis., 2019. |
| 발행사항 | Ann Arbor: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2019. |
| 형태사항 | 149 p. |
| 기본자료 저록 | Dissertations Abstracts International 81-04A. Dissertation Abstract International |
| ISBN | 9781085798167 |
| 학위논문주기 | Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2019. |
| 일반주기 |
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-04, Section: A.
Advisor: Page, Marianne E. |
| 이용제한사항 | This item must not be sold to any third party vendors. |
| 요약 | This dissertation uses the tools of labor economics to understand how individuals respond to changes in the composition of communities. The first two chapters focus on incarceration. Because men are much more likely to be incarcerated than women, increased incarceration skews the sex ratio in affected communities. Chapters 1 and 2 examine how incarceration affects fertility, partner choice, marriage, and infant and maternal health. The third chapter investigates how a large influx of immigrants into a rural community affects native workers' occupation and migration choices.Many factors influence incarceration, including crime and enforcement practices, which complicates the identification of the effect of increased male incarceration on women's family formation patterns. State sentencing reforms were important drivers of the growth in incarceration which occurred between 1990 and 2000. In chapters 1 and 2, I leverage changes in incarceration levels driven by the North Carolina Structured Sentencing Act (SSA). Enacted in October 1994, this policy increased the severity of criminal sentences. The SSA quickly increased the incarceration rate solely by lengthening the time offenders served in prison, while other potentially confounding factors were unchanged. Within the year after enactment, the state incarceration rate increased by one third. This setting provides an ideal natural experiment to isolate the incapacitation (removal from the community) effects of incarceration separately from the selection of offenders and the stigma associated with being an ex-convict, which could have their own impacts on partner markets and family formation.I employ an "intensity of treatment" empirical design which leverages exogenous variation in a woman's level of exposure to this policy change across partner markets. Using administrative data from the North Carolina Department of Public Safety and the State Center for Health Statistics with the 1990 and 2000 censuses, I find that incarceration policies have spillover effects on family formation patterns. In chapter 1, I show that the SSA reduced the fertility of affected women, but I find no observable effect on total completed fertility at later ages. This implies that the observed reduction in fertility for young women is due to delayed fertility. I am the first to document the effect of incarceration on the fertility patterns of adult women. For women who continue to give birth, they do so with older and less-educated or less-committed partners. The SSA also reduced the probability of being married for white women while increasing the probability that white women were cohabiting. I observe no effect on marriage for black women. These racial heterogeneities highlight the importance of studying the effects on both black and white women.The effects on fertility patterns I find in Chapter 1 have ambiguous implications for infant and maternal health. Women who are induced to delay pregnancy may use that time to accumulate additional resources that can lead to improved health outcomes for themselves and their children. However, giving birth at older ages can come with increased health risks, particularly for black women. Additionally, incarceration is a stressful family event, and maternal stress is associated with worse birth outcomes. In Chapter 2, I find evidence that incarceration affects infant and maternal health in ways consistent with both increased maternal stress and compositional change using the empirical strategy based on a woman's partner market's exposure to the SSA discussed above. After the reform, there is an increase in pre-term births and in the prevalence of hypertension among black mothers. I find evidence that the incidence of low birth weight births decreases for black mothers without high school degrees, a particularly disadvantaged group. I also observe a decrease in reports of alcohol and tobacco use among all mothers, as well as a decrease in the incidence of eclampsia among white mothers These effects are strongest for unmarried black mothers under 30 and black mothers without high school degrees.The third chapter, with Sarah Quincy, pivots to examine the importance of community composition in a historical context. In this chapter, we examine how changes to the composition of communities affect labor market choices by studying how native workers respond to immigration. The propensity of immigrants to concentrate into occupations (labor market niches) is well documented, but the effect of immigration shocks on native workers in the same labor niches remains an open question. We test how workers in the farm and nonfarm sectors were affected by the establishment of Russian Jewish agricultural colonies in southern New Jersey in the late nineteenth century. By following the same individuals across the 1880 and 1910 US censuses, we avoid making assumptions about the substitutability of immigrants and native workers. Russian Jews established themselves as farmers or factory workers with the help of international aid societies. Many native workers increased their occupational standing by transitioning to occupations complementary to the immigrants' main niches. We also find a decreased probability of out-migration for natives living near a successful agricultural colony, with occupational upgrading concentrated among stayers. |
| 일반주제명 | Labor economics. Demography. Economics. |
| 언어 | 영어 |
| 바로가기 | 
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