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Mushrooms, Snacks, and Dairy Foods: Health Impacts, Consumption Patterns, and Dietary Guidance
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| 자료유형 | 학위논문 |
|---|---|
| 서명/저자사항 | Mushrooms, Snacks, and Dairy Foods: Health Impacts, Consumption Patterns, and Dietary Guidance. |
| 개인저자 | Hess, Julie M. |
| 단체저자명 | University of Minnesota. Nutrition. |
| 발행사항 | [S.l.]: University of Minnesota., 2018. |
| 발행사항 | Ann Arbor: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2018. |
| 형태사항 | 304 p. |
| 기본자료 저록 | Dissertations Abstracts International 81-04B. Dissertation Abstract International |
| ISBN | 9781687922366 |
| 학위논문주기 | Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Minnesota, 2018. |
| 일반주기 |
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-04, Section: B.
Advisor: Slavin, Joanne. |
| 이용제한사항 | This item must not be sold to any third party vendors. |
| 요약 | The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) are designed to incorporate current scientific evidence into recommendations for eating patterns to promote health and help prevent chronic diseases, many of which are linked to poor dietary quality, among the American population. Recommendations in the 2015 DGA focus on increasing dietary variety and nutrient-density and shifting to healthier foods, beverages, and eating patterns. However, the typical American diet does not align with these guidelines.The primary aims of this project were to identify strategies to improve the variety and nutrient-density of the American diet and conduct clinical and epidemiological studies to assess their potential impacts on health. Secondary aims were to review topics that warrant attention in the DGA, compare U.S. guidance with recommendations of other countries, and evaluate components of dietary guidance that merit reconsideration.Substituting mushrooms for meat at some meals would increase Americans' intake of vegetables, fiber, and non-animal protein and help align U.S. diets with DGA recommendations. A clinical intervention study compared the impact on satiety and gut health markers of adding mushrooms or meat to a typical American consumers' diet. In a randomized open-label crossover study, participants (n = 32) consumed protein-matched amounts of mushrooms or meat twice daily for ten days, including at an in-person visit. During the last five days of each diet, participants completed a full fecal sample collection. Mushroom consumption impacted subjective satiety markers but not energy intake and led to few significant differences in gut health markers compared to meat consumption. After a mushroom meal, participants reported less hunger (p = 0.045), greater fullness (p = 0.05), and decreased prospective consumption (p = 0.03) than after the meat meal. There were no statistically significant differences in participant ratings of satisfaction (p = 0.10) or in energy intake at an ad libitum meal. There were also no differences in breath hydrogen and breath methane measurements or with stool frequency, consistency, pH, or short chain fatty acid concentrations between the two diets. Mushroom treatment led to greater overall gastrointestinal symptoms, including gas and flatulence, than the meat diet on days 1 and 2 as well as higher average stool weight (p = 0.002). The higher stool weight and presence of undigested mushrooms in stool suggest that mushroom consumption may impact laxation.Adults and children in the U.S. commonly consume "snacks," or energy outside of the traditional mealtimes of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Replacing foods currently selected as snacks with nutrient-dense alternatives could lower the risk of nutrient deficiencies and excess nutrient consumption and improve the quality of the U.S. diet. Yet, while the DGA recommend selecting nutrient-dense foods, they do not provide a metric for evaluating nutrient-density. The Nutrient-Rich Foods (NRF) Index, a nutrient profiling method with scores that positively correlate with the Healthy Eating Index, was used to quantify the nutrient-density of foods frequently selected as snacks. Epidemiological datasets, including the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, as well as market research data were used to identify common snacks. Several common snacks, including yogurt, milk, fruit, nuts and seeds, and potato chips had relatively high NRF index scores, indicating nutrient density. Other frequently selected snacks including soft drinks, pies and cakes, ice cream, and cookies had negative NRF scores indicating low nutrient-density. Nutrient-density scores may not provide new information about snacks at either end of a "nutrient-density spectrum," such as yogurt, fruit, soft drinks, and ice cream. If added to food labels, nutrient-density scores could serve as helpful tools for consumers to identify more nutrient-dense options among the foods located between the extremes.Snacks as an eating occasion also merit attention in dietary guidance. The label ascribed to an eating occasion (i.e. "snack" or "meal") influences other food choices an individual may make on the same day as well as satiety after consumption. However, the DGA as well as the dietary guidance of several other countries, including Brazil, Canada, Japan, and Oman, do not directly address the healthfulness of additional eating occasions and also vacillate between defining "snacks" as an eating occasion and as a type of food ("snack food"). Dietary guidance could reimage "snack foods" to prevent "snack time" from becoming an occasion for overconsuming nutrient-poor foods.Another component of dietary guidance that warrants reconsideration is the labeling of food groups on USDA's 2010 MyPlate guide, a visual food guide for educating consumers about dietary guidance. When the previous food guide, MyPyramid (2005), was replaced with MyPlate, the name of the "meat & beans" group was changed to the "protein group." The exclusion of dairy foods from the "protein foods" group of MyPlate illustrates the shortcomings of the new name. Previous research also shows that that consumers understand food-based terms better than nutrient-based terms. Changing the name of this group back to "meat & beans" group would provide important clarification for consumers and educators regarding the content and dietary role of this group.The DGA incorporate recent scientific evidence into recommendations for the U.S. population, however, these recommendations require more effective translation to the American public to impact public health. |
| 일반주제명 | Nutrition. |
| 언어 | 영어 |
| 바로가기 | 
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